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The true costs of food production in Kenya and Viet Nam
Benfica, Rui; Hossain, Marup; Davis, Kristin E.; Boukaka, Sedi Anne; Azzarri, Carlo. 2024
Benfica, Rui; Hossain, Marup; Davis, Kristin E.; Boukaka, Sedi Anne; Azzarri, Carlo. 2024
Abstract | Link
Sustainable agrifood systems (AFS) provide food security and nutrition without compromising economic, social, and environmental objectives. However, many AFS generate substantial unaccounted for environmental, social, and health costs. True cost accounting (TCA) is one method that adds direct and external costs to find the “true cost” of food production, which can inform policies to reduce externalities or adjust market prices. We find that for Kenya— considering the entire food system, including crops, livestock, fishing, and value addition sectors at the national level—external costs represent 35 percent of the output value. Social costs account for 73 percent of the total external costs, while environmental costs are 27 percent. In contrast, in Viet Nam, where total external costs represent 15 percent of the output value, the environmental costs (75 percent) dominate social costs. At the subnational level, in the three Kenyan counties (Kisumu, Vihiga, and Kajiado) covered by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Nature-Positive Solutions (NATURE+), external costs (or the true cost gap) represent about 30 percent of all household crop production costs. Those external costs are overwhelmingly dominated by social (84 percent) over environmental (16 percent) externalities. In Viet Nam's Sa Pa and Mai Son districts, external costs represent about 24 percent of all household crop production costs. Environmental externalities (61 percent) are greater than social ones (39 percent). In Kenya, forced labor is the main social (and overall) external impact driven by factors ranging from "less severe" financial coercion to "more severe" forms of physical coercion. Land occupation is the most important environmental impact, resulting from occupation of lands for cultivation rather than conservation, while underpayment (low wages) and low profits are important social costs that are closely associated with the prevailing gender wage gap and occurrence of harassment. Soil degradation is the only other environmental impact, linked with the use of inorganic fertilizers (60 percent of households) and pesticides (36 percent). In Viet Nam, land occupation is the most important external impact, followed by soil degradation and contributions to climate change, primarily due to widespread use of inorganic fertilizers (98 percent of households) and pesticides (93 percent). Underpayment and insufficient income are significant social costs, followed by the gender wage gap and child labor. Crop production systems in Kenya exhibit relatively high labor-related costs compared with nonlabor inputs, with relatively lower intensity in the use of inorganic fertilizer and other chemical inputs and lower crop yields. This production system leads to relatively greater social externalities. Conversely, crop yields in Viet Nam are significantly higher than those in Kenya, likely due to the extensive use of inorganic fertilizers representing the largest direct cost component and leading to a relatively higher level of environmental externalities. Because external costs represent a significant part of the total cost of food production, policy and investments to minimize these costs are essential to a nature-positive AFS that is environmentally sustainable and socially equitable. Strategies to reach this goal include regulatory adjustments, investments in resource efficient infrastructure and technologies that minimize costs, and the prudent management of environmentally impactful production inputs and factors.
Nature-Positive Solutions initiative baseline evaluation survey report: Kenya
Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E.. 2024
Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E.. 2024
Abstract | Link
Conventional agriculture, while providing mass-scale production of cheap and plentiful food, has extracted a massive toll on both the environment and humans. On the one hand, industrial agriculture drives 80 percent of deforestation, threatens 86 percent of the 28,000 species currently at risk of extinction (through habitat conversion and pollution), is responsible for significant loss of crop and genetic diversity and up to 37 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), accelerates land degradation and land-use change, and uses 70 percent of global water resources withdrawn. On the other hand, it has reduced nutrition outcomes for families and farming incomes due to impoverished soil and water health, reduced crop resistance to pests and diseases, and poor waste management. This unsustainable food production toll is further exacerbated by misaligned public policies and economic incentives. There is an urgent need to shift to more resilient farming systems capable of supporting smallholder farmers and ensuring that agriculture is a net positive contributor to nature. In 2021 the United Nations Food Systems Summit formally recognized nature-positive production as one of five critical pathways to sustainable food systems (Von Braun et al. 2023).
The true costs of food in Kenya and Vietnam: A conceptual framework
Benfica, Rui. 2024
Benfica, Rui. 2024
Abstract | Link
Sustainable food systems provide enough quality, healthy, and affordable food to all without imposing a burden on planetary and social boundaries. By this standard, it is quite clear that food systems in many countries are not sustainable as they generate substantial environmental, social, and health costs while failing to provide affordable food to all (FAO et al., 2020). This implies the need to have a good understanding of the extent to which those externalities are present in country specific food systems. The key challenge is that such externalities are not reflected in market prices (Baker et al., 2020), being therefore hidden factors to drivers of choices by market players, as the link between market activity and those social and environmental harms is not directly visible or reflected in the incentives that drive economic systems (UNFSS, 2021). Internalizing the externalities of the food systems will require the full estimation of costs, including the measurement of externalities through “True Cost Accounting” (TCA) approaches. This document provides the analytical framework for the application of approaches in a research study to measure the true costs of food in Kenya and Vietnam. It focuses on: o Key research questions, their relevance, and policy implications o How the TCA analytical framework fits in The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) framework o Country selection and geographic focus – national, sub-national o Data requirements for estimating the true costs, including household surveys, workers’ surveys, externally compiled Global Impact Database (GID), and monetization factors. o A step-by-step process for estimating the true costs in the study area and country level GID analysis.
Perceptions towards management of acute malnutrition by community health volunteers in northern Kenya
Wambui, Elizabeth; Wilunda, Calistus; Donfouet, Hermann Pythagore Pierre; Mwangi, Bonventure; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Daniel, Tewoldeberha; Agutu, Olivia; Samburu, Betty; Kavoo, Daniel; Karimurio, Lydia. 2024
Wambui, Elizabeth; Wilunda, Calistus; Donfouet, Hermann Pythagore Pierre; Mwangi, Bonventure; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Daniel, Tewoldeberha; Agutu, Olivia; Samburu, Betty; Kavoo, Daniel; Karimurio, Lydia. 2024
Abstract | Link
Child undernutrition is a persistent challenge in arid and semi-arid areas due to low and erratic rainfall, recurrent droughts and food insecurity. In these settings, caregivers face several challenges in accessing health services for sick and/or malnourished children, including long distances to health facilities, harsh terrain, and lack of money to pay for transportation costs to the health facilities, leading to low service coverage and sub-optimal treatment outcomes. To address these challenges and optimize treatment outcomes, the World Health Organization recommends utilizing community health volunteers (CHVs) to manage acute malnutrition in the community. This study explored the perceptions of community members regarding acute malnutrition treatment by CHVs in Turkana and Isiolo counties in Kenya. The study utilized a cross-sectional study design and included a purposive sample of caregivers of children, CHVs, officers who trained and supervised CHVs and community leaders in the intervention area. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to explore perceptions towards the management of acute malnutrition by CHVs. Generally, caregivers and CHVs perceived the intervention to be beneficial as it readily addressed acute malnutrition treatment needs in the community. The intervention was perceived to be acceptable, effective, and easily accessible. The community health structure provided a platform for commodity supply and management and CHV support supervision. This was a major enabler in implementing the intervention. The intervention faced operational and systemic challenges that should be considered before scale-up.
Women's seed entrepreneurship in aquaculture, maize, and poultry value chains in Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania
Farnworth, Cathy Rozel; Galie, Alessandra; Gumucio, Tatiana; Jumba, Humphrey; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine. 2024
Farnworth, Cathy Rozel; Galie, Alessandra; Gumucio, Tatiana; Jumba, Humphrey; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine. 2024
Abstract | Link
Seed systems are essential to bring good genetic material to farmers. Women farmers, however, have benefited less than men farmers from seed systems in low and middle income countries. We identify factors that inhibit and promote women's success in seed businesses through three case studies of women's and men's entrepreneurship across seed-related value chains and country contexts: tilapia seed production in Ghana, marketing and trading of improved maize and sorghum seeds in Kenya, and chicken seed dissemination in Tanzania. Applying a gender lens, we use key informant interviews and focus group discussions to analyze women's and men's motivations to engage in seed businesses, the challenges they confront to start and build their enterprises, and prospects for sustainability and continued success. We use quantitative data to characterize the levels of empowerment of the agripreneurs sampled. For women, the results show that the social normative context of the sector is critical. Time flexibility and profitability are important considerations for women's engagement. Furthermore, across all three country cases, family and external support are frequently key to women's participation and success in seed agripreneurship. The article discusses the importance of government bodies, NGOs, and donors in challenging the normative context around gender resource gaps, as well as provide technical packages and training to develop business acumen. Supporting change of restrictive gender norms in non-threatening ways - such as ICTs - is key.
Prevalence and correlates of stunting among a high-risk population of Kenyan children recently hospitalized for acute illnesses
Atlas, Hannah E.; Brander, Rebecca L.; Tickell, Kirkby D.; Bunyige, Lucy; Oongo, Susan; McGrath, Christine J.; John-Stewart, Grace C.; Richardson, Barbra A.; Singa, Benson O.; Denno, Donna M.; Walson, Judd L.; Pavlinac, Patricia B. . Article in press
Atlas, Hannah E.; Brander, Rebecca L.; Tickell, Kirkby D.; Bunyige, Lucy; Oongo, Susan; McGrath, Christine J.; John-Stewart, Grace C.; Richardson, Barbra A.; Singa, Benson O.; Denno, Donna M.; Walson, Judd L.; Pavlinac, Patricia B. . Article in press
A conceptual framework of living labs for people for sustainable food systems
Habermann, Birgit; Nehring, Ryan; Zhang, Wei; Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Leñero, Eva Marina-Valencia; Falk, Thomas; Rietveld, Anne M.; Woltering, Lennart; Kumar, Praveen; Wang, Xinxin; Zhou, Yunyi; Chen, Kevin Z.; Pham, Thuy Thu; Rodríguez, Luz Ángela; Venegas, Martha. Washington, DC 2023
Habermann, Birgit; Nehring, Ryan; Zhang, Wei; Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Leñero, Eva Marina-Valencia; Falk, Thomas; Rietveld, Anne M.; Woltering, Lennart; Kumar, Praveen; Wang, Xinxin; Zhou, Yunyi; Chen, Kevin Z.; Pham, Thuy Thu; Rodríguez, Luz Ángela; Venegas, Martha. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1.4 MB)
Innovation spaces are often dominated by linear, top-down approaches, with the transfer of technology being seen as the solution to many problems rather than trying to understand which innovation processes people are engaging with themselves. In other words, barriers to progress are typically viewed as issues of technology adoption, not as part of the innovation process itself. This study contributes to changing the paradigm by proposing a living lab approach, which considers innovation as an adaptive process where stakeholders co-produce knowledge and collaborate based on inclusivity and empowerment. Our specific concept for this approach is called a Living Lab for People (LL4P). This conceptual paper outlines a framework to guide the development of a LL4P that remains flexible to be adapted for specific sites. While we seek to identify common denominators, we recognize the necessity for such a framework to remain open enough to be adaptable for varied contexts. Consequently, the framework draws on the living lab literature but tailors existing approaches for sustainable food system transformation and puts people (men, women, and marginalized groups among key food system actors) at the center of innovation processes with a clear intention to address power and social inequity. We draw on specific cases in China, Colombia, Kenya and Vietnam as learning grounds for formulating LL4Ps through locally led innovation processes. Based on our learnings and consultations, we define a LL4P as an inclusive and diverse space for people to advance their socio-technical innovation processes and associated modes of governance within a facilitated organizational structure. The principles of LL4Ps include co-production, gender equality and social inclusion, governance and institutional sustainability to advance existing and novel innovation processes. The practical experiences from applying this framework in the four case studies indicate alternative pathways for transforming the food system toward a sustainable and socially equitable trajectory through the establishment of a LL4P.
Ecosystem services may provide large economic values in Kenya and Vietnam: A value transfer application based on results from a systematic literature review
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Zhang, Wei; Pham, Thuy Thu; Davis, Kristin; Fadda, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Zhang, Wei; Pham, Thuy Thu; Davis, Kristin; Fadda, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1 MB)
This study focuses on the valuation of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam, two countries that have received much attention from the international development community for their biodiversity significance, opportunities for scaling, climate and poverty challenges, and political will. Using The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) framework and the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), this study estimates per hectare values of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam based on a systematic literature review of studies on the values of ecosystem services in both countries. Provisioning services, such as medicines, timber, and non-timber forest products were better studied than regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services, underscoring the need for further research to better estimate the values of non-tangible services which would improve the estimation of total value of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam. To complement the national level analysis, we selected forest biomes to conduct a value transfer analysis. Forests provide ecosystem service benefits worth $25.78 billion for Kenya and $35.6 billion in Vietnam in 2022 USD. In comparison, the agricultural sector contributed $48.50 billion to Vietnam’s GDP and $24.10 billon to Kenya’s GDP in 2021. The per hectare values for ecosystem services are used in a value transfer analysis to estimate the total value of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam and Kenya. The average per hectare value of ecosystem services provided by forests in Kenya is $5,718.50 ha−1 yr−1 estimated within a range spanning $1,609.44 to $15,606.62 ha−1 yr−1 , while Vietnam's forests demonstrate an average value of $3,650.20 ha−1 yr−1 , with a range of $84.93 to $8,978.16 ha−1 yr−1 . We project the loss of forests into 2050 and estimate the annual economic loss of ecosystem services at $48.08 million for Kenya and $76.29 million for Vietnam, respectively, if deforestation and forest degradation continue at the current rates. Our approach presents a comprehensive overview of diverse ecosystem services, equipping policymakers with a nuanced comprehension of ecosystems’ inherent value. By consolidating values from the literature into a national-level estimate, we provide compelling evidence at a broader scale for informed decision-making. Despite the well-known limitations of value transfer method and with caveats, the values presented in our paper can provide a guiding reference for incorporating these estimations into broader policymaking endeavors.
Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective
Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Namyenya, Angella; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Shah, Mansi; Githuku, Fridah; Njung’e, Dennis. Washington, DC 2023
Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Namyenya, Angella; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Shah, Mansi; Githuku, Fridah; Njung’e, Dennis. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (867.3 KB)
Agricultural extension services play an important role in agricultural development. Timely and reliable information services are key to improving farmers’ knowledge of strategies to increase agricultural productivity, assisting them in accessing inputs and credit, providing early warning against pests and other shocks, and offering them critical advice on climate action. However, equitable access to knowledge, information, and technology remains challeng ing in most countries. This inequity is even more pronounced among farmers from marginalized groups, including women farmers, resulting in their limited access to climate resilience-enhancing technologies and practices. This note summarizes findings from implementers of participatory video-based extension interventions in India, Kenya, and Uganda. The findings suggest that videos targeting women farmers can reach them effectively. Still, participa tory video-based extension should be accompanied by group discussions, providing complementary inputs, and dismantling other barriers that impede women’s agency and achievements in agriculture.
Aflatoxin contamination of maize flour in Kenya: Results from multi-city, multi-round surveillance
Barasa, Allan; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Okoth, Sheila A.. Washington, DC 2023
Barasa, Allan; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Okoth, Sheila A.. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (901.8 KB)
This research was undertaken to characterise the level and distribution of aflatoxin contamination of maize flour, a key food safety concern in Kenya. More than 1,200 samples of maize flour were collected and analyzed over the course of one year, allowing a robust characterization of relative risk across geography and product type. Informally milled flour was found to be significantly more contaminated than branded flour, a result attributable to the refining process applied to this flour. The results of this study can be used to inform messaging to consumers about the relative riskiness of informally versus formally milled flour, and for geographical targeting of resources for aflatoxin mitigation.
Evaluating the gendered credit constraints and uptake of an insurance-linked credit product
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Ward, Patrick S.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Ward, Patrick S.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (632.7 KB)
Smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries lack sufficient access to agricultural production credit that can help them adopt new technologies and improve their farm production. Compared to men, women smallholder farmers face additional social, and economic barriers that further limit their credit access. Bundling agricultural credit with insurance, or risk contingent credit (RCC), provides a mechanism for addressing some of the credit access constraints and reducing credit rationing among smallholder farmers. In this paper, we evaluate the gendered determinants of credit rationing and the gender differences of the effects of RCC innovation on credit uptake decisions. We use three-wave panel data from a randomized control trial (RCT) in Kenya. We find that female-headed households (FHH) are significantly more risk rationed (or demand-side credit constrained) compared to male-headed households (MHH), however, the gender of the household head does not significantly determine the household quantity rationing status (supply-side constrained). We also find that farmers randomly assigned to be offered the RCC are up to four percent more likely to take up credit. RCC’s impacts on credit uptake decisions do not vary with the gender of the household head, however, RCC has a differential positive and significant impact on the credit uptake decisions of farmers that were previously (at baseline) risk rationed. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on reducing gendered demand-side barriers to credit access, especially among poorer women households. Climate financing innovations such as RCC should also be designed and delivered in a gender-inclusive manner to accommodate women farmers who face time, liquidity, and financial literacy barriers.
Insights from farmers and extension agents: Perceptions of a participatory video intervention in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Aladesuru, Damilola; Kasule, James Billy; Joshi, Garima. Washington, DC 2023
Aladesuru, Damilola; Kasule, James Billy; Joshi, Garima. Washington, DC 2023
Dairy consumption and household diet quality in East Africa: Evidence from survey-based simulation models
Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl. 2024
Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl. 2024
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Dairy foods are an important source of essential macro- and micronutrients in household diets, and their consumption is associated with reduced malnutrition, especially among young children. Low dairy consumption in many developing countries is a justification for programs that promote dairy livestock ownership, help develop dairy value chains, or stimulate dairy demand. While several studies confirm the beneficial effects of such dairy-specific interventions on nutritional outcomes, the purpose in this study is to consider more broadly the contribution of dairy to overall diet quality. Our assessment of consumer preferences for dairy, coupled with simulations of consumption responses to dairy price and household income changes, provide quantitative evidence that can inform policymakers about the possible effects of public policies on dairy consumption and diet quality. While our analysis is based on data from Kenya and Uganda, both countries with established dairy sectors, our findings are relevant for other East African countries with similar dietary patterns and emergent dairy sectors.
Basic human values drive food choice decision-making in different food environments of Kenya and Tanzania
Blake, Christine E.; Monterrosa, Eva C.; Rampalli, Krystal K.; Khan, Abdullah; Reyes, Ligia I.; Drew, Shiny Deepika; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Bukachi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Frongillo, Edward A.; Iruhiriye, Elyse; Girard, Amy Webb. 2023
Blake, Christine E.; Monterrosa, Eva C.; Rampalli, Krystal K.; Khan, Abdullah; Reyes, Ligia I.; Drew, Shiny Deepika; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Bukachi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Frongillo, Edward A.; Iruhiriye, Elyse; Girard, Amy Webb. 2023
Abstract | PDF
Increased access to a variety of foods in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) has led to greater autonomy in food choice decision-making. Autonomy allows individuals to make decisions through negotiation of considerations in ways that are consistent with basic values. The aim of this study was to identify and describe how basic human values drive food choice in two diverse populations with transitioning food environments living in the neighboring East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania. Secondary data analysis was carried out on focus group discussions conducted with men and women in Kenya (n = 28) and Tanzania (n = 28) as part of prior studies on food choice. A priori coding based on Schwartz's theory of basic human values was conducted, followed by a narrative comparative analysis, which included review by original principal investigators. Values of conservation (security, conformity, tradition), openness to change (self-directed thought and action, stimulation, indulgence), self-enhancement (achievement, power, face), and self-transcendence (benevolence-dependability and -caring) were prominent drivers of food choice in both settings. Participants described how values were negotiated and highlighted existing tensions. For example, the value of tradition was cited as important in both settings but changing food contexts (e.g., new foods, diverse neighborhoods) increased prioritization of values like stimulation, indulgence, and self-directed thought and action. The application of a basic values framework was useful for understanding food choice in both settings. A focused understanding of how values drive food choice decision-making in the context of changing food availability in LMICs is essential for the promotion of sustainable healthy diets.
Potential effectiveness of integrating human milk banking and lactation support on neonatal outcomes at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya
Wilunda, Calistus; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Wanjohi, Milka; Lang'at, Nelson; Mansen, Kimberly; Waiyego, Mary; Kibore, Minnie; Kamande, Eva; Zerfu, Taddese; Kithua, Angela; Muganda, Rosemarie; Muiruri, Juliana; Maina, Beth; Njuguna, Emily; Njeru, Faith; Kiige, Laura W.; Codjia, Patrick; Samburu, Betty; Mogusu, Esther; Ngwiri, Thomas; Mirie, Waithera; Kimani-Murage, Elizabeth W. . 2024
Wilunda, Calistus; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Wanjohi, Milka; Lang'at, Nelson; Mansen, Kimberly; Waiyego, Mary; Kibore, Minnie; Kamande, Eva; Zerfu, Taddese; Kithua, Angela; Muganda, Rosemarie; Muiruri, Juliana; Maina, Beth; Njuguna, Emily; Njeru, Faith; Kiige, Laura W.; Codjia, Patrick; Samburu, Betty; Mogusu, Esther; Ngwiri, Thomas; Mirie, Waithera; Kimani-Murage, Elizabeth W. . 2024
Abstract | Link (37 B)
We assessed the potential effectiveness of human milk banking and lactation support on provision of human milk to neonates admitted in the newborn unit (NBU) at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. This pre–post intervention study collected data from mothers/caregivers and their vulnerable neonates or term babies who lacked sufficient mother's milk for several reasons admitted in the NBU. The intervention included establishing a human milk bank and strengthening lactation support. Preintervention data were collected between 5 October 2018 and 11 November 2018, whereas postintervention data were collected between 4 September 2019 and 6 October 2019. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to assess the effect of the intervention on exclusive use of human milk, use of human milk as the first feed, feeding intolerance and duration of NBU stay. The surveys included 123 and 116 newborns at preintervention and postintervention, respectively, with 160 newborns (80 in each group) being included in propensity score matched analysis. The proportion of neonates who exclusively used human milk during NBU stay increased from 41.3% preintervention to 63.8% postintervention (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 5.53) and those whose first feed was human milk increased from 55.0% preintervention to 83.3% postintervention (adjusted OR: 5.09; 95% CI: 2.18, 11.88). The mean duration of NBU stay was 27% (95% CI: 5.8%, 44.0%) lower in the postintervention group than in the preintervention group. The intervention did not affect feeding intolerance. Integrating human milk banking and lactation support may improve exclusive use of human milk among vulnerable neonates in a resource limited setting.
Examining the gender digital divide: A case study from rural Kenya
Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (366.1 KB)
Worldwide, cell phones are used by 5.4 billion people. They are becoming increasingly prevalent in the rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), providing smallholder farmers with access to agricultural markets. If they reduce information asymmetries between women and men farmers, they can also contribute to closing the gender gap in agricultural productivity. So far, however, digital innovations have had limited success in transforming agricultural systems. This may be due, in part, to the gender gap in cell-phone use. Rural women in LMICs—particularly those with low incomes, low literacy levels, or disabilities—are less likely than rural men to have access to cell phones, the Internet, digital currency, or other digital services. This policy note summarizes research intended to shed light on the impact of cell-phone ownership and use on the gender gap in agricultural productivity in LMICs.
Qualitative fieldwork to identify CSA practices preferred by women farmers in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Magalhaes, Marilia; Kawerau, Laura; Kweyu, Janerose; Pathak, Vishak. Washington, DC 2023
Magalhaes, Marilia; Kawerau, Laura; Kweyu, Janerose; Pathak, Vishak. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (514 KB)
Promoting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices is an important step toward enhancing farmer resilience to climate change. Given the differences in the resilience capacities, operating space, and response options of men and women farmers, it is imperative to understand the gendered preferences for and constraints to their adoption of CSA practices. This policy brief summarizes qualitative research conducted in rural India, Kenya, and Uganda to identify CSA practices preferred by women and men farmers. The findings highlight the need for gender-responsive finance models and information channels to ensure that support to climate change adaptation does not further widen the gender gap in agricultural resources, agency, and achievement.
Gendered information channels for climate-smart agriculture practices: Evidence from India, Kenya, and Uganda
Welk, Lukas; Barooah, Prapti; Kato, Edward; Ndegwa, Michael K.. Washington, DC 2023
Welk, Lukas; Barooah, Prapti; Kato, Edward; Ndegwa, Michael K.. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (452.7 KB)
Lack of access to information is an important barrier affecting women farmers’ adoption of climate-smart agri culture (CSA) practices and technologies. To overcome this barrier, the use of information and communication technologies is increasingly being promoted. However, digital tools might widen, rather than reduce, gendered information gaps given women’s lower use of mobile phones and mobile Internet as compared to men in sub Saharan African and South Asia. This policy note summarizes data on information channels that women and men farmers use for CSA practices in Gujarat, India, parts of Kenya, and central Uganda. The results can be used by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and other actor groups interested in ensuring equity in access to information on CSA practices in low- and middle-income countries.
Do climate-smart agricultural practices support adaptation, mitigation and productivity? A review of CSA practices used in participatory video interventions in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Welk, Lukas. Washington, DC 2023
Welk, Lukas. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (562.6 KB)
Climate change poses a threat to smallholder farmers worldwide, impacting livelihoods and agricultural pro duction. At the same time, agrifood systems account for about one-third of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) offers synergistic practices that boost productivity, aid farmers in adapting to cli mate change, and have the potential to mitigate GHG emissions. This note reviews the extent to which a set of practices identified by smallholder farmers in India, Kenya, and Uganda for inclusion in a participatory video-based extension intervention meet the CSA criteria. The findings suggest that the practices hold triple-win potential but often several need to be applied as a package; they also need to be adapted to local conditions.
From climate risk to resilience: Unpacking the economic impacts of climate change in Kenya
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa. Washington, DC 2023
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1.3 MB)
Substantial model variability exists regarding the likely meteorological impact of climate change on Kenya, particularly with respect to future precipitation levels. Significant regional differences are expected, largely due to Kenya’s diverse climate profile. Overall, temperatures are projected to increase while future precipitation levels are highly uncertain. Climate change is expected to significantly affect coastal areas, including because of sea level rise risks, stronger winds, and an overall warmer and drier climate. This will likely harm important ecosystems, including wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Some models project that arid and semi-arid areas may become drier and hotter, which would exacerbate preexisting water scarcity and agricultural challenges for the already vulnerable communities living there. That said, these projections are not corroborated by all models. The climate change impact on other areas, particularly south and west of Mount Kenya, could generally be positive, as it would provide even better conditions for agriculture.
The key climate change risk for Kenya is from extreme events, in particular droughts and floods. The frequency and intensity of such events is likely to increase because of climate change. They also often lead to adverse knock-on effects, such as soil erosion, land degradation, and pest breakouts. Overall, Kenya’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2020) estimates that between 2010 and 2020, adverse climate change-related events led to annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP).
The key climate change risk for Kenya is from extreme events, in particular droughts and floods. The frequency and intensity of such events is likely to increase because of climate change. They also often lead to adverse knock-on effects, such as soil erosion, land degradation, and pest breakouts. Overall, Kenya’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2020) estimates that between 2010 and 2020, adverse climate change-related events led to annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP).
Can participatory video-based extension increase awareness and knowledge of climate adaptation practices? Insights from rural Kenya
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ringler, Claudia; Muteti, Francisca N.; Kato, Edward; Bryan, Elizabeth. Washington, DC 2023
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ringler, Claudia; Muteti, Francisca N.; Kato, Edward; Bryan, Elizabeth. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (446.9 KB)
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been promoted as a framework to identify a set of solutions that simultaneously sustain agricultural productivity and incomes, increase the resilience of agriculture, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, it has proven to be challenging to reach women farmers with information on CSA practices. This note summarizes results from a study that assessed whether participatory video-based extension approaches tailored to women’s preferred CSA approaches could reduce the gender gap in awareness and adoption of CSA practices in Kenya. The findings suggest that watching the videos increased awareness of the CSA practices promoted in the videos as well as other practices. However, watching the videos did not increase the adoption of the CSA practices. We propose strategies to strengthen the uptake of CSA practices alongside participatory video-based extension.
Methods used to estimate the poverty impact of increases in international food prices
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (254.2 KB)
The prices of agricultural commodities have increased on international markets since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 and spiked after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. The price increases were particularly notable in the case of wheat, maize, and sorghum, which are staple foods in many developing countries. This prompted a wave of research to better understand the effect of these price changes on income and poverty in low-income countries.
IFPRI carried out a set of country studies to explore the poverty impact of higher staple grain prices on six countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia (see Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c and Minot and Martin, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c). This brief describes the methods and data used in those studies.
IFPRI carried out a set of country studies to explore the poverty impact of higher staple grain prices on six countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia (see Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c and Minot and Martin, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c). This brief describes the methods and data used in those studies.
Results report on a stakeholder workshop reflecting on a theory of change for low-emission food system transformation in Nandi county, Kenya: A contribution to the establishment of A Living Lab 4 People on Food System Innovations for Climate Change Mitigation under the CGIAR Research Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems (MITIGATE+)
Falk, Thomas; Walter, Kibet. Washington, DC; Nairobi, Kenya 2023
Falk, Thomas; Walter, Kibet. Washington, DC; Nairobi, Kenya 2023
Abstract | PDF (352.6 KB)
The workshop was organized by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems (MITIGATE+), which is implemented by a large consortium of partners. The Initiative aims to reduce annual global food systems emissions by working closely with key actors in target countries to co-create knowledge that enables them to make evidence-based decisions and address challenges in food systems discourse, policy development, and implementation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Initiative’s partners support the establishment of a multistakeholder platform and a “living lab for people” (LL4P) that will support bottom-up innovation cases to help transform food systems in Nandi county, Kenya, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The workshop was part of a series of stakeholder workshops that aims to help clarify development opportunities, the role of different actors in Nandi county, and their interests. The intention was to bring actors together, invite them to think about a joint vision for food systems in the county, and share perspectives on entry points for initiating system change.
The gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya, Niger, Rwanda, and Uganda: Evidence from phone surveys
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mawia, Harriet; Ringler, Claudia; Mane, Erdgin; Costa, Valentina; Ndoro, Rumbidzai. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mawia, Harriet; Ringler, Claudia; Mane, Erdgin; Costa, Valentina; Ndoro, Rumbidzai. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (2.3 MB)
The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts in every part of the world, including on vulnerable populations in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. This report explores the ways in which men and women in rural areas of four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—Kenya, Niger, Rwanda, and Uganda—experienced the COVID-19 pandemic and associated income losses, as well as their responses to the crisis. To identify and monitor the differential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and men in rural households, IFPRI conducted phone surveys in selected regions of the four focal countries, with financial and technical support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The surveys traced gender differences in responses to the pandemic and associated restrictions, such as choice of coping strategies, access to public assistance, and changes in the care burden for men and women.
Youth engagement in agriculture and food systems transformation in Kenya
Mugo, Victor; Kinyua, Ivy. Washington, DC 2023
Mugo, Victor; Kinyua, Ivy. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (204.5 KB)
Food systems incorporate many actors at different intersecting levels and spaces. Young people1 constitute one of the most significant groups of these actors and contribute significantly to food systems in a variety of ways, from agricultural production and processing to food-related retail services, through formal and informal employment, paid and unpaid labor, and self employment. In addition to engaging through work and livelihoods, young people are involved in research, conservation, and knowledge acquisition and transmission. They also participate in consumer pressure groups and social movements raising awareness on the need for food system transformation and demanding climate change action. Through all these contributions, young people support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal targets such as those on food security, economic growth, poverty reduction, and environ mental sustainability (HLPE 2021; FAO and AUC 2022)
Agricultural productivity in Kenya: 2000-2020
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (955.2 KB)
Agriculture is key to economic growth and poverty reduction in Kenya as it plays a pivotal role in employment creation, food security, exports, and sustainable development. In 2019, it directly contributed 22.7 percent of GDP, accounted for 20.9 percent of total exports, and generated 43.3 percent of employment (Chapter 2). The sector is thus not only an important driver of Kenya’s economy but also the means of livelihood for many Kenyan people. Given the economic and social importance of agriculture in Kenya, policies have revolved around the main goal of increasing productivity and incomes, especially for smallholders, to enhance food security and equity, with an emphasis on production intensification, commercialization, and environmental sustainability (Alila and Atieno 2006). In this context, the declining perfor mance of the sector measured in terms of its growth has been a major concern for policymakers.
An enabling environment for the national flour blending policy: A food systems analysis
Melesse, Mequanint B.; Tessema, Yohannis Mulu; Manyasa, Eric; Hall, Andrew. Washington, DC 2023
Melesse, Mequanint B.; Tessema, Yohannis Mulu; Manyasa, Eric; Hall, Andrew. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (408.5 KB)
A national flour blending policy is about to be implemented in Kenya. This requires maize flour (the country’s main staple) to be blended with at least 10 percent of either one or a composite of traditional crops, such as sorghum and millet.1 The blending ratio is expected to increase gradually, with the goal of ultimately reaching 30 percent. The policy envisages achieving several goals. The first is to improve the nutritional quality of maize flour: sorghum and millet (and other candidate blending crops) have micronutrient characteristics that are absent in maize. The second is to promote more climate-tolerant crops and technologies: sorghum and millet can be grown in less favorable arid and semiarid lands (ASALs), in the very conditions that many farmers face in Kenya. This is particularly important given that maize is more susceptible than other staple crops to climate change. The third is to reduce the country’s overreliance on imported maize and concerns about its food sovereignty.
Assessing the resilience of Kenya's food system: A production approach
Ulimwengu, John M.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa. Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (932.4 KB)
A food system includes all elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food, and the outputs of these activities, including socioeconomic and environmental outcomes (HLPE 2017). Thus, a food system links society and nature (Blesh and Wittman 2015). Resilience is “the ability of people, households, communities, countries and systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth” (USAID 2018). Applied to food systems, resilience is defined by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) as the ability to withstand major shocks and stressors emanating from climate/weather, conflict, disease, external economic shocks, and other sources, which, if not prevented or mitigated, would delay, or limit economic progress, transformation, prosperity, and self-reliance (AGRA 2021). In this sense, resilience of a food system may be considered a system property that plays a critical role in its sustainability (Jacobi et al. 2018), thus ensuring sustained food security. This chapter adopts this definition with the objective of assessing the resilience of Kenya’s food system and its components using systemwide metrics. Specifically, we use a production approach based on input–output linkages.
Kenya's agrifood system: Overview and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (440 KB)
The 2010s were a decade of strong economic development in Kenya. Gross domestic product (GDP)—an indicator of the economy’s size—expanded by an average of 5 percent per year (KNBS 2022). This exceeded popula tion growth and helped raise household incomes, leading to a decline in poverty rates and, more importantly, in the number of poor people, for the first time in at least three decades (World Bank 2022). Agriculture played an important role in this. The sector grew alongside the rest of the economy, despite facing many challenges, including climate variability (Ochieng et al. 2020), weak rural infrastructure (Benin and Odjo 2018), shrinking farm sizes (Jayne et al. 2016), and inaccessibility of farm inputs combined with poor agronomic management (Worku et al. 2020). Agriculture, as part of the broader food system, also contributed to growth in downstream or off-farm sectors and helped cushion the economic damage resulting from COVID-19 in 2020 (Pauw, Smart, and Thurlow 2021).
Agricultural inputs in Kenya: Demand, supply, and the policy environment
Kirimi, Lilian; Olwande, John; Langat, Jackson; Njagi, Timothy; Kamau, Mercy; Obare, Gideon. Washington, DC 2023
Kirimi, Lilian; Olwande, John; Langat, Jackson; Njagi, Timothy; Kamau, Mercy; Obare, Gideon. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (576.5 KB)
Agricultural inputs, including fertilizers, seeds, breeding stock, crop protection chemicals, machinery, irrigation, and knowledge, are key to innovation and productivity improvement, and are the backbone of any agricultural revolution. They are an integral part of the food supply chain, which comprises the production and distribution of food, and as such a key component of the food system (HLPE 2017). The food supply chain involves various actors at different stages of the chain but this chapter focuses only on agricultural inputs, including both farm inputs and agricultural advisory services.
Food safety in Kenya: Status, challenges, and proposed solutions
Hoffman, Vivian; Alonso, Silvia; Kang'ethe, Erastus. Washington, DC 2023
Hoffman, Vivian; Alonso, Silvia; Kang'ethe, Erastus. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (226.6 KB)
Foodborne disease—that is, disease caused by consuming foods contaminated with biological or chemical hazards—is an important and often underrecognized public health concern in low- and middle-income countries around the world, including Kenya. While comprehensive national statistics on the foodborne disease burden are not available, the best available evidence from the region indicates that diseases transmitted via contaminated food have a greater impact on public health in Africa than either tuberculosis or diabetes (Havelaar et al. 2015; GBDCN 2016). Beyond its contribution to illness and death, foodborne disease also plays a role in child stunting, which remains a persistent problem in Kenya, affecting 16 percent of children (KNBS and ICF 2023). One study based on 20 years of data from 5 countries attributed 25 percent of stunting to repeated diarrheal episodes (Checkley et al. 2008), many of which can be traced to microbial contamination of food.
Kenyan diets: Quality, affordability, and preferences
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (434.5 KB)
Dysfunctions in food systems in developing countries prevent many people from consuming a healthy diet (FAO et al. 2021), and Kenya is no exception. Globally, poor-quality diets are the leading cause of all forms of malnutrition (Afshin et al. 2019; Willet et al. 2019). In Kenya in 2020, an estimated 19 percent of children under five years of age were stunted (UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank 2021); in 2014, 33 percent of women aged 15–49 years were overweight or obese (KNBS et al. 2015), while recent regional trends in adults’ body mass index suggest a rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (Abarca-Gomez et al. 2017). The number of deaths resulting from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as coronary disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, is projected to surpass malaria and tuberculosis by 2030 (Mkuu et al. 2021). Malnutrition and NCDs can have lifelong health consequences and high social and economic costs for individuals and societies alike, including from impaired human capital formation, reduced labor productivity, and high healthcare costs (Popkin et al. 2006; Shekar, Heaver, and Lee 2006; Victora et al. 2008; Black et al. 2013)
Digital innovations and agricultural transformation in Africa: Lessons from Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (387.6 KB)
Digital innovation is a key feature in the global and national discourse on food systems transformation. Efforts to better integrate food systems—defined here as the constellation of actors and their activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate, including the production, aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal of food products (Dwivedi et al. 2017; FAO 2018; Njuki et al. 2021)—will depend partly on how digital technologies can be used to bolster engagement, coordination, and innovation among a wider and more inclusive set of actors, including marginalized and vulnerable groups (Benfica et al. 2021).
Livestock sector transformation in Kenya: Current state and projections for the future
Bahta, Sirak; Wanyoike, Francis; Kirui, Leonard; Mensah, Charles; Enahoro, Dolapo; Karugia, Joseph; Baltenweck, Isabelle . Washington, DC 2023
Bahta, Sirak; Wanyoike, Francis; Kirui, Leonard; Mensah, Charles; Enahoro, Dolapo; Karugia, Joseph; Baltenweck, Isabelle . Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (563.2 KB)
The livestock sector plays a major role in the Kenyan food system, contributing about 12 percent of the country’s overall GDP and 40 percent of agricultural GDP, and employing about half of the agricultural labor force (Kenya Markets Trust 2019a). The livestock sector also contributes 22 percent of food system GDP. Projections from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) indicate that the country’s population will continue to grow, and may reach around 96 million by 2050, with nearly 50 percent residing in urban areas by then compared with 27 percent in 2019 (FAO 2019; MacMillan 2019). Demand for animal-source foods is expected to grow substantially with this population growth and as higher numbers of affluent and more urban consumers seek nutrient-rich foods and more diversified diets (FAO 2019). This change in demand could potentially drive exponential growth in the livestock sector, generating new business opportunities along various livestock value chains. Realizing such growth will require concerted investments to support increased productivity and enhanced natural resource management, including enhanced water availability and management, to ensure sustainable growth of the sector (ILRI 2019; Bosire et al. 2022).
Food systems transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the past and policy options for the future
Breisinger, Clemens, ed.; Keenan, Michael, ed.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex, ed.; Njuki, Jemimah, ed.. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens, ed.; Keenan, Michael, ed.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex, ed.; Njuki, Jemimah, ed.. Washington, DC 2023
Toward sustainable transformation through postharvest managment: Lessons from Kenya's mango value chain
Ambuko, Jane; Owino, Willis. Washington, DC 2023
Ambuko, Jane; Owino, Willis. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1.9 MB)
Management of postharvest food loss and waste (FLW) is an important strategy in efforts to sustainably meet the food and nutrition needs of the world’s growing population. Sustainable food systems are critical to achieving food security and nutrition for all, now and in the future. Food systems cannot be sustainable when a large proportion of the food produced using limited resources is lost or wasted in the supply chain. At the global level, it is estimated that poor postharvest management means this is the case for 30 percent of the food produced for human consumption (FAO 2011, 2019).
The figure for Kenya is similar (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives 2018). The 2021 Food Waste Index Report (UNEP 2021) indicates that every Kenyan wastes about 100 kg of food every year, which adds up to 5.2 million metric tons1 per year, excluding food loss that happens upstream, from production to retail. In monetary terms, wasteful consumption accounts for slightly over US$500 million annually (Mbatia 2021). FLW exac erbates food insecurity and has negative impacts on the environment through waste of precious land, water, farm inputs, and energy used in producing food that is not consumed. In addition, postharvest losses, caused by poor storage conditions, reduce income to farmers and contribute to higher food prices.
The figure for Kenya is similar (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives 2018). The 2021 Food Waste Index Report (UNEP 2021) indicates that every Kenyan wastes about 100 kg of food every year, which adds up to 5.2 million metric tons1 per year, excluding food loss that happens upstream, from production to retail. In monetary terms, wasteful consumption accounts for slightly over US$500 million annually (Mbatia 2021). FLW exac erbates food insecurity and has negative impacts on the environment through waste of precious land, water, farm inputs, and energy used in producing food that is not consumed. In addition, postharvest losses, caused by poor storage conditions, reduce income to farmers and contribute to higher food prices.
A way forward: Policy-driven transformation
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (168.6 KB)
This book has adopted a food systems framework as a new way of conceptualizing and designing food policies and research. Looking beyond agriculture and value chains makes it possible not only to turn food systems into a driver of economic transformation but also to better include health, productivity, resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability as integral parts of system transformation.
Such a fresh approach is urgently needed in light of limited development progress over the past years in Kenya and other countries. The share of manu facturing—traditionally a driver of economic transformation—in total output remains low; maize yields have been stagnating for the past 20 years; and poverty and food insecurity are on the rise again (Nafula et al. 2020; FAOSTAT 2022). In addition to structural challenges, growing challenges and vulnerabil ities such as the threat of pandemics, commodity price crises, climate change, and conflicts, call for a new development and food policy paradigm (Breisinger et al. 2022; UNICEF 2022). At the same time, such a fresh approach can also help in harnessing the new opportunities that come with digitalization and with (policy) lessons from other countries that can be adapted to the Kenyan context.
Such a fresh approach is urgently needed in light of limited development progress over the past years in Kenya and other countries. The share of manu facturing—traditionally a driver of economic transformation—in total output remains low; maize yields have been stagnating for the past 20 years; and poverty and food insecurity are on the rise again (Nafula et al. 2020; FAOSTAT 2022). In addition to structural challenges, growing challenges and vulnerabil ities such as the threat of pandemics, commodity price crises, climate change, and conflicts, call for a new development and food policy paradigm (Breisinger et al. 2022; UNICEF 2022). At the same time, such a fresh approach can also help in harnessing the new opportunities that come with digitalization and with (policy) lessons from other countries that can be adapted to the Kenyan context.
Introduction [in Food systems transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the past and policy options for the future]
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Njuki, Jemimah. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Njuki, Jemimah. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (211.2 KB)
The whole world has experienced a series of global and local crises since 2019, and Kenya has been no exception. Before the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, poverty and food poverty rates in the country had been declining steadily, falling from 52.3 percent to 36.1 percent and from 38.3 percent to 26.7 percent, respectively, between 1997 and 2016 (KNBS 2007, 2018). Income inequality also declined in the period from 1994 to 2015/16 (KNBS 2020).1 Estimates suggest that, since then, progress in poverty reduction has reversed, as a result of COVID-19 (Nafula et al. 2020), and that the impacts of the Ukraine and global crises have further increased poverty levels and the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (Breisinger et al. 2022). In addition, ongoing droughts in the arid and semiarid areas of Kenya meant that an estimated 3.5 million people were in need of assistance in May 2022 (UNICEF 2022).
Mechanization of agricultural production in Kenya: Current state and future outlook
Kaumbutho, Pascal; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
Kaumbutho, Pascal; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (396.4 KB)
Agricultural mechanization is the use of machinery, equipment, and imple ments—rather than human or animal power—to carry out agricultural practices. When the use of mechanization is sufficiently high, it can help improve the overall efficiency of food systems, reduce the costs of producing outputs and providing services, enhance economies of scale, and raise labor productivity and incomes (FAO and AUC 2018; Diao, Takeshima, and Zhang 2020). While mechanized practices are traditionally thought of in terms of tilling, seed drilling, and spraying, in recent years mechanization has been con sidered to include broader applications along the food system, such as irrigation, postharvest cleaning of harvests, cold storage, value addition, and processing.
Gender and food systems in Kenya: A case study of the poultry value chain in eastern Kenya
Bukashi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Omia, Dalmas O.; Musyoka, Mercy M.; Chemuliti, Judith K.; Nyamongo, Isaac K.. Washington, DC 2023
Bukashi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Omia, Dalmas O.; Musyoka, Mercy M.; Chemuliti, Judith K.; Nyamongo, Isaac K.. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (384.8 KB)
Women are key stakeholders in sustainable and resilient food systems, given their roles as primary food producers and household caretakers (Visser and Wangu 2021). Understanding how gendered roles affect food security and women’s well-being is essential for pursuing sustainable development (Angel-Urdinola and Wodon 2010; Doss, Meinzen-Dick, and Quisumbing 2018; Meinzen-Dick et al. 2019). Their participation in agriculture is documented widely, but there is a need for more gendered data on the roles of men and women in different contexts and agricultural value chains, including livestock value chains (Micere Njuki et al. 2016; Richardson 2018; Doss and Rubin 2021; Njuki et al. 2021).
Intensification of the maize-based farming: What happened to the maize green revolution?
De Groote, Hugo. Washington, DC 2023
De Groote, Hugo. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1 MB)
Maize is the major food crop in eastern and southern Africa, including Kenya. Maize-based farming systems make up the largest proportion of agricultural land, and maize is central to the food system, in both rural and urban areas. Because of its importance, maize has received wide attention from the government, including in policy and research. As a result, Kenya has been at the forefront of the “maize green revolution” in Africa (Hassan and Karanja 1997; Hassan, Njoroge et al. 1998c). It was one of the first countries in Africa (with South Africa and Zimbabwe) to develop its own maize hybrids and combine them with fertilizer in demonstration trials, demonstrations, and dis semination (Hassan and Karanja 1997). In both South Africa and Zimbabwe, the settler communities continued to dominate commercial maize production (Eicher 1995), but in Kenya, indigenous African farmers took over most of the maize production right after independence.
Fresh produce value chains in Kenya: Challenges and prospects for enhanced market access and inclusion of smallholders
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw, Bekele; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mariara, Jane. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw, Bekele; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mariara, Jane. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (335.2 KB)
Production and marketing of fresh produce provides opportunities for small holder farmers in low- and middle-income economies to engage and benefit from high-value markets and value chains. Fresh produce markets can be valuable for transforming the food sector in many low-income countries but perishability and difficulties in organizing supply chain logistics mean access remains challenging for smallholders.
Contract farming is one potential mechanism that smallholder farmers in developing countries can use to participate in and benefit from domestic and global value chains (Okello and Swinton 2007; Barrett et al. 2012; Minot and Sawyer 2016; Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017). Linking smallholder farmers more directly with national and global consumers should increase both the demand and producer prices for their fresh produce. Increased access to and participation in such value chains increases farm income earned by smallholders. Improvements in inclusion and efficiency of value chains are vital to enhance the effectiveness of contracting models, and to enhance the market access and integration of smallholders. Inclusion is important because large buyers, including processors, modern retailers, and exporters, are often hesitant to engage with small and marginal farmers and may prefer working through brokers, which reduces benefits to farmers. Also, market integration is becoming increasingly important for smallholders in order to avoid marginalization of the less organized sector in the more organized, growing global fresh produce market (Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017).
Contract farming is one potential mechanism that smallholder farmers in developing countries can use to participate in and benefit from domestic and global value chains (Okello and Swinton 2007; Barrett et al. 2012; Minot and Sawyer 2016; Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017). Linking smallholder farmers more directly with national and global consumers should increase both the demand and producer prices for their fresh produce. Increased access to and participation in such value chains increases farm income earned by smallholders. Improvements in inclusion and efficiency of value chains are vital to enhance the effectiveness of contracting models, and to enhance the market access and integration of smallholders. Inclusion is important because large buyers, including processors, modern retailers, and exporters, are often hesitant to engage with small and marginal farmers and may prefer working through brokers, which reduces benefits to farmers. Also, market integration is becoming increasingly important for smallholders in order to avoid marginalization of the less organized sector in the more organized, growing global fresh produce market (Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017).
Climate insurance: Opportunities for improving agricultural risk management in Kenya
Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2023
Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (650.3 KB)
Climate change represents a major challenge to food systems. It is associated not only with rising average temperatures but also with less predictable weather and changes in humidity, with severe consequences for agricul tural production, input markets, aggregation, processing, distribution, and consumption. Negative impacts on food production can raise consumer prices, potentially leading to social unrest and conflict; increased temperatures and changes in humidity require stronger cold chains and improved storage facilities to avoid postharvest damage (de Brauw and Pacillo 2022).
This chapter highlights several innovations in climate insurance that were developed and tested in Kenya with the aim of improving smallholder farmers’ ability to manage the production risks associated with climate change.
This chapter highlights several innovations in climate insurance that were developed and tested in Kenya with the aim of improving smallholder farmers’ ability to manage the production risks associated with climate change.
Transforming food systems through risk-contingent credit in rural Africa: Development, experimentation, and evaluation
Shee, Apurba; Ndegwa, Michael; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Shee, Apurba; Ndegwa, Michael; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1.6 MB)
Throughout Africa, climate change is posing severe challenges to agricultural production and food security. Agricultural risks—particularly those associated with drought—are a major cause of low agricultural productivity in most African countries, including Kenya. According to the Government of Kenya, four consecutive years (2008–2011) of drought caused US$12.1 billion in losses, accounting for about 8 percent of GDP, including losses in assets and disruptions to the economy across sectors (Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries 2014). Currently, Kenya is in the middle of an acute drought following three consecutive poor rainy seasons. This has led to a drop in crop production nationally of about 70 percent, which has disproportionately exposed the communities of arid and semi-arid lands to hunger and malnutrition.
Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya's food system: Economic interdependencies and policy opportunities
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1019.4 KB)
Low- and middle-income countries worldwide share the common challenge of achieving sustainable economic development while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This challenge is complex due to the interconnectedness of economic activities, where policies targeting one industry can have ripple effects on others. Therefore, it is crucial to understand integrated GHG emissions and their relationships across industries within an economy to inform effective policy formulation. Kenya, as a middle-income country experiencing rapid economic growth, faces an urgent need to address this challenge. This study analyzes the economic relationships between agricultural production, the food industry, and other sectors of the economy in Kenya to identify key drivers of national GHG emissions from the food system. To accomplish this, an environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) table is employed to calculate both direct and indirect emissions for 38 activities of Kenya’s economy, as well as emissions embodied in final goods. Direct emissions refer to those generated during the production process of an activity, while indirect emissions are produced by other activities that provide inputs to the activity of interest. The findings reveal that agriculture is the largest contributor to GHG emissions in Kenya, with the majority of emissions stemming from direct sources such as enteric fermentation and manure management in livestock production. Additionally, the study finds that total emission intensity in the manufacturing sector is considerably higher than in most agricultural activities, except for livestock production, primarily due to the significant level of indirect emissions associated with manufacturing processes. Within the agricultural sector, cereals and livestock production exhibit high levels of direct emissions, while export crops like coffee and tea, as well as vegetable cultivation, show relatively higher indirect emissions. Addressing GHG emissions from the livestock sector emerges as a crucial step in significantly reducing agricultural emissions in Kenya. The dairy sub-sector presents an opportunity for intensification and technological advancements, as climate-smart technologies have already demonstrated their potential to enhance productivity while reducing emissions. Conversely, mitigating GHG emissions in beef production, which is primarily concentrated in ecologically fragile areas, will require institutional innovations focusing on rangeland management, disease control, and scaling up livestock marketing efforts. While the intensification of dairy production can contribute to agricultural growth and development in Kenya, its impact on mitigating GHG emissions is expected to be limited at the national scale.
Liquid milk: Savings, insurance and side-selling in cooperatives
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2023
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Limited access to reliable financial instruments makes it difficult for rural households to manage daily cash flows. Selling goods through cooperatives can improve savings, but cooperative income is not easily accessible when facing an emergency. Cash-constrained households may therefore side-sell in local markets that pay on the spot, while insurance could reduce the need to side-sell. We test these hypotheses using panel data for farmers from two Kenyan dairy cooperatives. Both cooperatives pay only once a month, with local market vendors paying a lower price but upon delivery. We find that farmers sell less milk to the cooperatives when facing uninsured health emergencies or when cash on hand is low. Health insurance reduces side-selling. These findings highlight that selling, saving and risk-coping decisions are intertwined, with side-selling providing a strategy to manage temporary cash constraints. This suggests that linking agricultural and insurance contracts can enhance cooperatives’ financial sustainability.
Synergies and trade-offs between agricultural export promotion and food security: Evidence from African economies
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, J.; Morales, C.; Pauw, Karl. 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, J.; Morales, C.; Pauw, Karl. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Several countries across the developing world have designed and implemented agricultural export incentives. However, little is known about the effects of these policies on various aspects of domestic food security. This study utilizes economywide models linked top-down with microsimulation modules to analyze the impacts of increased agricultural export promotion on the four dimensions of food security – availability, access, utilization, and stability – in three structurally food-insecure economies of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. We find that agro-export promotion adversely affects all four aspects of food security in urban areas and at the national level due to significant increases in food prices domestically. However, it generally benefits households in rural areas. The food security effects are stronger in Ethiopia and Kenya. We also find that risks associated with the volatility in international markets and declines in domestic productivity can lead to further deterioration in access to food when countries implement outward-oriented agricultural policies
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Kenya
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (265.9 KB)
Kenya is potentially very vulnerable to sharp increases in the prices of key staple grains such as maize and wheat, both because these are important in diets and because Kenya depends on im ports of these products. A first step in understanding the impacts of changes in the prices of these products is to examine developments in their prices on world markets. After a long period of rela tively stable prices on world markets, the prices of key food staples began to rise from around the beginning of 2020. This period of price increases, spanning the COVID-19 pandemic and then the price shocks following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine raised serious concerns about the welfare of poor people in countries such as Kenya. Figure 1 shows the movements in the prices of four key grain staples—maize, rice, sorghum and wheat—from the beginning of 2020.
Income and nutritional effects of the commercialization of agriculture in southwestern Kenya
Kennedy, Eileen T.; Cogill, Bruce. Washington, DC 1987
Kennedy, Eileen T.; Cogill, Bruce. Washington, DC 1987
The gendered consequences of COVID-19 for internal migration
Mueller, Valerie; Páez-Bernal, Camila; Gray, Clark; Grépin, Karen . 2023
Mueller, Valerie; Páez-Bernal, Camila; Gray, Clark; Grépin, Karen . 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Scant evidence exists to identify the effects of the pandemic on migrant women and the unique barriers on employment they endure. We merge longitudinal data from mobile phone surveys with subnational data on COVID cases to examine whether women were left more immobile and vulnerable to health risks, relative to men, during the pandemic in Kenya and Nigeria. Each survey interviewed approximately 2000 men and women over three rounds (November 2020–January 2021, March–April 2021, November 2021–January 2022). Linear regression analysis reveals internal migrants are no more vulnerable to knowing someone in their network with COVID. Rather, rural migrant women in Kenya and Nigeria were less vulnerable to transmission through their network, perhaps related to the possible wealth accumulation from migration or acquired knowledge of averting health risks from previous destinations. Per capita exposure to COVID cases hinders the inter-regional migration of women in both countries. Exposure to an additional COVID case per 10,000 people resulted in a decline in women’s interregional migration by 6 and 2 percentage points in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively.
Transformation of Kenya’s agrifood system structure and drivers
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF
Kenya experienced significant economic development in the 2009 to 2019 period. Gross domestic product (GDP)—an indicator of the economy’s size—expanded by an annual average of 5 percent (KNBS 2022). This exceeded population growth and helped raise household incomes, leading to a decline in poverty rates; more importantly, for the first time in at least three decades, the country experienced a decline in the absolute number of poor people (World Bank 2022). While the global COVID-19 pandemic caused negative economic growth in 2020, the economy recovered quickly in 2021. Kenya was also largely spared the adverse effects of the global commodity market disruptions arising from the Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 and from the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Kenya’s GDP growth is projected to reach 5.0 percent in 2023 and 5.3 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting that the economy is resuming its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture remains an important sector, accounting for about one-quarter of GDP and nearly half of Kenya’s employment. It has thus played an important role in economic development. The sector has grown alongside the rest of the economy despite many challenges including climate variability (Ochieng et al. 2020), weak rural infrastructure (Benin and Odjo 2018), declines in farm size (Jayne et al. 2016), and limited access to farm inputs combined with poor agronomic management (Worku et al. 2020). In this brief, we look beyond primary agriculture to understand how Kenya’s broader agrifood system (AFS) is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Control over future payouts and willingness to pay for insurance: Experimental evidence from Kenyan farmers
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Abstract | Link
The Kenyan economy relies heavily on its agricultural sector. Agriculture contributes 22.4 percent of the country’s GDP, with a majority of the producers being smallholder farmers (KNBS, 2022). This leaves both the economy and the farmers who make up the economic base facing significant risk. Shock events in the recent past underscore this truth. Notably, Kenya experienced significant drought events in 2008-2011 (MOALF, 2021), 2016-2017 (Uhe et al., 2018), and 2020-2022 (FAO, 2021). Such shocks have immediate and lasting effects on farmer well-being (Rosenzweig and Binswanger, 1993; Carter, 1997; Morduch, 1995; Hoddinott, 2006; Janzen and Carter, 2019; Malacarne and Paul, 2022), underscoring the pressing need to strengthen the resilience of smallholder farmers.
The increased incidence of drought has made it even more crucial that farmers have tools to transfer the risks they face to financial markets. Financial inclusion (e.g. bank account ownership, access to formal credit markets, access to insurance markets, mobile money coverage) among vulnerable rural populations, however, is often low (Lotto, 2022). Innovations in the design and provision of financial technologies have sought to make tools more accessible to smallholder farmers for whom existing products were not available or were prohibitively expensive. These efforts often make use of information and communications technologies to reduce the cost of offering products and to extend their reach into more distant communities (Benami and Carter, 2021).
The increased incidence of drought has made it even more crucial that farmers have tools to transfer the risks they face to financial markets. Financial inclusion (e.g. bank account ownership, access to formal credit markets, access to insurance markets, mobile money coverage) among vulnerable rural populations, however, is often low (Lotto, 2022). Innovations in the design and provision of financial technologies have sought to make tools more accessible to smallholder farmers for whom existing products were not available or were prohibitively expensive. These efforts often make use of information and communications technologies to reduce the cost of offering products and to extend their reach into more distant communities (Benami and Carter, 2021).
Summing the parts: How does “bundling” affect willingness-to-pay for seeds and insurance in a sample of Kenyan farmers?
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Abstract | Link
Agricultural households, particularly those operating in rainfed systems in low income countries, are vul nerable to a variety of climate and market risks that pose serious threats to their well-being. While more resourced households are able to pass much of this risk o↵ to financial markets, less resourced households often have few options to do the same. Instead, they are forced to rely on precautionary savings (Lee and Sawada, 2010), drawing down assets (Carter and Lybbert, 2012), or informal risk sharing, all of which have limited ability to deal with shocks (Carter and Maluccio, 2003). Despite the demonstrated impact of tools like agricultural insurance (Cai, 2016; Bertram-Huemmer and Kraehnert, 2015; Hill et al., 2019), such products are often not available in remote, resource poor areas or, when they are, face low demand due to inaccessibility, lack of information, or concerns about contract quality (Karlan et al., 2014; Clarke, 2016). A fuller understanding of household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for risk-reducing technologies, as well as how this valuation depends on both characteristics of the technology and of the adopting household, is an important step toward designing tools that are attractive and accessible to their target populations. In this paper, we study WTP for two risk-reducing technologies — agricultural insurance and stress tolerant seeds — as stand-alone products and as components of a bundle. Bundling a productivity enhancing technology with a risk reducing technology has been proposed as a way to mitigate the risk of agricultural investment to farmers, input suppliers, and financial institutions (Carter, Galarza and Boucher, 2007). Bundling of multiple risk reducing technologies has also been proposed as a way to increase coverage and reduce cost, thereby releasing precautionary savings for productive investment (Lybbert and Carter, 2015).
Updated social accounting matrices for Kenya: An instrument for policy analysis and simulation
Breisinger, Clemens; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Laichena, Joshua; Omanyo, Daniel; Kiriga, Benson; Malot, Kenneth; Mwatu, Shadrack; Muchiri, Benjamin; Mbatia, Hiram; Abuga, James; Rutto, Justin. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Laichena, Joshua; Omanyo, Daniel; Kiriga, Benson; Malot, Kenneth; Mwatu, Shadrack; Muchiri, Benjamin; Mbatia, Hiram; Abuga, James; Rutto, Justin. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF
The policy brief provides an overview of the updated Kenya Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs). The current Kenya SAM which incorporates latest rebased national accounts data, supply and use tables and household budget survey, is an update of the previous SAM compiled for 2009 transactions. SAMs are used in conjunction with analytical techniques to strengthen the evidence underlying policies. The updated Kenya SAM 2021 identifies 90 production activities and commodities (products) across agriculture, industry, and services sectors. As an economy-wide data framework, SAM best captures priority production sectors outlined in the government’s new development plan (Bottom-up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA)). For instance, priority sub-sectors highlighted in the plan include maize, dairy, cattle, tea value addition, expanding and revamping export cash crops such as coffee, cashew nuts, avocado, macadamia nuts and pyrethrum, revamping leather, cotton, pharmaceutical, and textile and clothing industries. Using this SAM data framework, analysis can be done to assess the likely impacts of implementing BETA on jobs, poverty and food security in Kenya. The SAM also in cludes 3 broad categories of production factors (land, capital and labour), and 15 household groups by quintiles. Highlight from Kenya SAM 2021 suggests that services sector contributed the largest share to GDP (57.8%), followed by Agriculture (23.4%), and Industry (18.7%). The brief also presents the share of ex ternal trade to total output and domestic demand, showing that Kenya exports more agriculture-related products while it imports more industrial products. In 2021, Kenya exported 7.1 per cent of its output while import share to domestic demand was 11 per cent, and in the agriculture sector, export to output share was 16.3 per cent. The Kenya SAM 2021 provides policymakers with the necessary data and analytical tools to design and implement effective policies to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty and inequality.
A healthy diet is costly, but even with limited income Kenyans can eat better
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (1.8 MB)
Four important implications for policy to promote and guide a transformation toward healthy diets for all Kenyans can be drawn from this research: First, Kenya’s diet problem — the underconsumption of nutritious foods and increasingly high consumption of calorie-rich but micronutrient-sparse foods — is primarily a poverty problem. Most Kenyans simply cannot afford a healthy diet. Accelerated poverty reduction will have important nutritional benefits. Second, there are large differences between the costs of meeting dietary guidelines for highly nutritious foods and the costs of obtaining adequate amounts of calorie-dense staple foods. These cost gaps have a strong effect on household diets because the food choices of many Kenyan households are primarily driven by a need to satisfy calorie requirements. This points to a problem of relative food prices, which interacts with the poverty problem. It is most apparent for animal-source protein foods and, to a lesser degree, for vegetables. Thus, policy interventions and technological innovations that address this relative food price problem are needed to narrow the consumption gaps for nutritious food groups, particularly animal-source foods and vegetables. Third, the food preferences of Kenyans show that the poor-quality diets consumed by many households are not solely due to insufficient purchasing power and high prices for nutritious foods. This is most obvious for plant-based protein foods — pulses and nuts — which have low prices per calorie, but which few households consume in sufficient amounts to meet the recommended healthy intake. This weak consumer preference for such foods suggests a lack of knowledge of their nutritional value and their importance for healthy diets. Nutrition education may aid in changing consumer behavior to increase the consumption of pulses and nuts, as well as other nutritious foods that are now underconsumed relative to the healthy reference diet. Kenyans can consume more healthy diets with their current incomes. While healthy diets are costly for many Kenyan households, changes can be made in the current typical diet to achieve better and more balanced nutrient intake at the same cost. Finally, policies aimed at promoting food systems transformation in Kenya should factor in the dietary needs of Kenyans. As agriculture is the dominant sector in Kenya’s food systems, a balance must be found between traditional objectives including productivity growth, export stimulation, and farmer support, on the one hand, and the new responsibility of improving the availability of nutrient-dense foods for better nutrition and health for all Kenyans, on the other.
Aspirations and investments in livestock: Evidence of aspiration failure in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Aspirations influence future-oriented behavior and ensuing outcomes but they may also fail to do so when the aspired-to-status is far away from the current one. Theoretical predictions suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between this aspiration gap and the effort to achieve what is aspired to. Aspirations that are ahead but not too far ahead of the current status serve as the best incentives for investments. We examine the income aspiration gap of smallholder households and relate it to livestock in a pastoral setting in Northern Kenya. Our focus on livestock is guided by the burgeoning recognition of livestock as an investment and saving conduit for many households in pastoral communities in developing nations. Employing different empirical strategies including parametric and semi-parametric techniques, we find livestock to be increasing with aspirations up to a threshold, from which it then declines to lead to an aspiration failure. Delving into livestock heterogeneity, we uncover evidence that cattle and poultry respond more to the aspiration gap than small ruminants such as sheep and goats. Different U-shaped tests confirm this relationship, bolstering the evidence of an aspiration failure. These findings are robust to the inclusion of relevant controls, truncations at zero, and different variable transformations. We also show that the findings are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. Additionally, we find that internal locus of control, that is the degree to which individuals believe they control outcomes in their lives is associated with livestock investments.
Rising commodities prices driven by the Russia-Ukraine crisis threaten to undermine Kenya’s economy, increase poverty
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (154.3 KB)
Much of the early attention to the Russia-Ukraine conflict’s food security impacts has been concentrated on countries highly dependent on wheat imports from the Black Sea region. Given the important role that wheat products play in the diets of people in Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, Lebanon, and other countries, the interruption in Black Sea wheat trade and high prices have raised serious concerns about rising levels of food insecurity, poverty, and instability around the world.
But many countries are affected by price increases across a range of commodities (some predating the war), including in fertilizers, edible oils, and maize, as well as oil, natural gas, and other energy products. How are these sharp international price increases impacting countries and people, and how can countries respond? Our recent modeling study focusing on Kenya suggests higher prices, particularly for fertilizer, will reduce GDP growth and increase poverty rates in the country, putting an estimated 1.4 million additional people below the poverty line.
But many countries are affected by price increases across a range of commodities (some predating the war), including in fertilizers, edible oils, and maize, as well as oil, natural gas, and other energy products. How are these sharp international price increases impacting countries and people, and how can countries respond? Our recent modeling study focusing on Kenya suggests higher prices, particularly for fertilizer, will reduce GDP growth and increase poverty rates in the country, putting an estimated 1.4 million additional people below the poverty line.
2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Kenya: A Nexus Project SAM
The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA); Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KBS); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
. Washington, DC 2023
The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA); Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KBS); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF
The 2021 Kenya Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
Aspirations and investments in livestock: Evidence of an aspiration failure in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Aspirations have been shown to positively influence future-oriented behavior and ensuing outcomes. But they may also fail to do so when the aspired-to-status is too far away from the current one. Theoretical predictions suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between this aspiration gap and the effort to achieve what is aspired to. Aspirations that are ahead but not too far ahead of the current status serve as the best incentives for investments. We examine the income aspiration gap of smallholder households and relate it to livestock in a pastoral setting in Northern Kenya. Our focus on livestock is guided by the burgeoning recognition of livestock as an investment and saving conduit for many households in pastoral communities in developing nations. Employing different empirical strategies including parametric and semiparametric techniques, we find livestock to be increasing with aspirations up to a threshold, from which it then declines leading to an aspiration failure. Different U-shaped tests confirm this relationship, bolstering the evidence of an aspiration failure. To unpack which livestock matters more relative to the others, we perform some heterogeneity analysis and found cattle to respond most to the aspiration gap. The findings are robust to the inclusion of relevant controls, truncations at zero and different variable transformations. We also show that the findings are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. A dive into mechanisms reveals that the internal locus of control, i.e. the degree to which individuals believe they control outcomes in their lives, decreases with the aspiration gap. Our findings have two implications: first, it reinforces previous claims of the role of psychological constraints on poverty reduction and rural development. More importantly, it has implications for the current debates and plans for boosting the development of the livestock sector in Africa as a pathway to overall economic development.
Risk contingent credit: A stakeholder engagement to inform project expansion in Kenya
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi; Girvetz, Evan H.; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Chilambe, Pedro A.. 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi; Girvetz, Evan H.; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Chilambe, Pedro A.. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
A large proportion of farm households in developing countries face a host of market and production risks that undermine their food security, make their income volatile, and make them hesitant to adopt new technologies or undertake new investments that might increase their long-term productivity and household welfare. Climate-related risks such as floods and droughts remain some of the most pervasive forms of production challenges. Adapting to climate variability and change is essential in safeguarding food security, ensuring economic growth, and advancing climate resilience among smallholder farmers. Recent research has shown that transferring some of the climate-related risks to the insurance market in exchange for a payout can shield the welfare of smallholders from the adverse effects of extreme weather conditions, while agricultural financing can help farmers to acquire and adopt agricultural inputs such as improved seed varieties, fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides. However, in many developing countries, formal financial markets remain inaccessible to smallholder farmers.
Process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate agricultural extension curriculum in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; von Maltitz, Lindie; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Suvedi, Murari; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Davis, Kristin; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Tchuwa, Frank; Elapata, Maheshwari S. . East Lansing, MI 2023
Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; von Maltitz, Lindie; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Suvedi, Murari; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Davis, Kristin; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Tchuwa, Frank; Elapata, Maheshwari S. . East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Process skills and core competencies are basic sets of knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors that agricultural extension professionals require to perform their tasks effectively. Periodic review of undergraduate (UG) agricultural extension curricula is necessary to train graduates with core process skills and competencies that will enable sustainable food security, improved livelihoods, and natural resource conservation. The study reviewed the UG agricultural extension curriculum used in fi ve MSU-AAP Consortium member universities covering Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya with the following research questions:
1. What are the curriculum development processes in MSU-AAP universities?
2. What are the structure and contents of the UG agricultural extension curriculum?
3. What instructional methods are used for the transaction of the UG curriculum?
4. What core process skills and competencies are covered in the curriculum?
5. What are the strengths and gaps in the UG agricultural extension curriculum in Africa?
Data were collected through a desktop review of curriculum documents for agricultural extension training programs offered at the universities and literature on the competency needs of extension professionals. The courses in agricultural extension approved by the countries’ national regulatory bodies / institutions and taught in universities were reviewed. The contents were evaluated against the available literature on current and emerging functions of agricultural extension professionals and expected competencies, and reviewed scholarly work on capacity needs analysis of extension advisory services (EASs) to develop a framework for assessing the UG agricultural extension curricula at the universities. Eleven competencies domains were identifi ed and operationalized: program planning; program implementation; communication; ICTs; program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise. The number of courses in the UG agricultural extension curriculum that addressed each competence domain was identified and evaluated.
1. What are the curriculum development processes in MSU-AAP universities?
2. What are the structure and contents of the UG agricultural extension curriculum?
3. What instructional methods are used for the transaction of the UG curriculum?
4. What core process skills and competencies are covered in the curriculum?
5. What are the strengths and gaps in the UG agricultural extension curriculum in Africa?
Data were collected through a desktop review of curriculum documents for agricultural extension training programs offered at the universities and literature on the competency needs of extension professionals. The courses in agricultural extension approved by the countries’ national regulatory bodies / institutions and taught in universities were reviewed. The contents were evaluated against the available literature on current and emerging functions of agricultural extension professionals and expected competencies, and reviewed scholarly work on capacity needs analysis of extension advisory services (EASs) to develop a framework for assessing the UG agricultural extension curricula at the universities. Eleven competencies domains were identifi ed and operationalized: program planning; program implementation; communication; ICTs; program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise. The number of courses in the UG agricultural extension curriculum that addressed each competence domain was identified and evaluated.
Strengthening agricultural extension training in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Suvedi, Murari; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Ukamaka, Mabel Dimelu; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank; Davis, Kristin; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; von Maltitz, Lindie; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Elapata, Maheshwari S.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Suvedi, Murari; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Ukamaka, Mabel Dimelu; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank; Davis, Kristin; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; von Maltitz, Lindie; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Elapata, Maheshwari S.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
To strengthen the agricultural extension curriculum, the present study was undertaken in sub-Saharan Africa covering Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya during 2021-2023. The population for the study was agricultural extension professionals within these fi ve countries drawn from universities, public- sector organizations, private- sector organizations, and NGOs. Mixed- method research design, comprising quantitative and qualitative approaches, was employed to assess the process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate (UG) agricultural extension curricula with the following research questions and objectives:
Research Questions
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the UG curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
Objectives
1. Review agricultural extension curricula currently in use at AAP member universities at the UG level in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya.
2. Identify critical process skills and competencies of agricultural extension professionals, process skills gaps, and areas of potential curricular reform.
3. Recommend improvements/reforms of agricultural extension curricula to prepare the next generation of agricultural extension professionals to competently handle EASs delivery.
4. Introduce new/improved curricula among the agricultural extension faculty engaged in training and education in sub-Saharan countries.
The study assessed 11 process skills and competencies -- program planning; program implementation; communication; information and communication technologies (ICTs;, program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise.
Research Questions
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the UG curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
Objectives
1. Review agricultural extension curricula currently in use at AAP member universities at the UG level in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya.
2. Identify critical process skills and competencies of agricultural extension professionals, process skills gaps, and areas of potential curricular reform.
3. Recommend improvements/reforms of agricultural extension curricula to prepare the next generation of agricultural extension professionals to competently handle EASs delivery.
4. Introduce new/improved curricula among the agricultural extension faculty engaged in training and education in sub-Saharan countries.
The study assessed 11 process skills and competencies -- program planning; program implementation; communication; information and communication technologies (ICTs;, program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise.
Agricultural extension and advisory services in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Davis, Kristin; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . East Lansing, MI 2023
Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Davis, Kristin; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Agricultural extension and advisory services is a system that facilitates access of farmers or their organizations to new knowledge, information and technologies and promotes interaction with research, education, agri‐business, and other relevant institutions to assist them in
developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices. It can interpret and explain the language of modern technology to farmers, fi shers and ranchers (Suvedi and Kaplowitz, 2016).
Various forms of agricultural extension services exist throughout the world. Their primary functions have been to facilitate learning and extend new knowledge and technologies in non-formal educational settings to improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers’ incomes. The nomenclature of extension service providers varies by country. The frontline workers are known as agricultural extension workers, agricultural extension offi cers, extension educators, livestock development offi cers, fi shery technicians, and community forestry and/or natural resources management officers.
developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices. It can interpret and explain the language of modern technology to farmers, fi shers and ranchers (Suvedi and Kaplowitz, 2016).
Various forms of agricultural extension services exist throughout the world. Their primary functions have been to facilitate learning and extend new knowledge and technologies in non-formal educational settings to improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers’ incomes. The nomenclature of extension service providers varies by country. The frontline workers are known as agricultural extension workers, agricultural extension offi cers, extension educators, livestock development offi cers, fi shery technicians, and community forestry and/or natural resources management officers.
Foresight partnership forum: Forum report
CGIAR Initiative on Foresight. Montpellier, France 2023
CGIAR Initiative on Foresight. Montpellier, France 2023
Abstract | PDF (438 KB)
Background | The challenges facing food, land, and water systems are numerous and complex. In addressing these interlinked challenges, the choices facing governments and their development partners have also become increasingly complicated. Synergies are possible, but trade-offs are often unavoidable. Decision-makers need better evidence to help them choose actions that minimize trade-offs and advance progress towards collective goals. The CGIAR Foresight Initiative aims to inform these choices and enhance decision-making about the future by combining advanced analytics and close engagement with national, regional, and global partners. The Initiative forms part of CGIAR’s new research portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Objectives | The Foresight Partnership Forum brought together key partners from across Sub-Saharan Africa to explore challenges facing food, land, and water systems at national, regional, and global scales; identify opportunities to share and strengthen capacity for foresight; and examine ways to use foresight tools and analysis to inform policy making. The Forum on 24-25 January was followed by a training session on country development and policy modeling for partners on 26-27 January.
Objectives | The Foresight Partnership Forum brought together key partners from across Sub-Saharan Africa to explore challenges facing food, land, and water systems at national, regional, and global scales; identify opportunities to share and strengthen capacity for foresight; and examine ways to use foresight tools and analysis to inform policy making. The Forum on 24-25 January was followed by a training session on country development and policy modeling for partners on 26-27 January.
COVID-19 disruptions and pivoting in SMEs in the hidden middle of Kenya’s potato and fish value chains
Naziri, Diego; Belton, Ben; Loison, Sarah Alobo; Reardon, Thomas; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Kaguongo, Wachira; Maina, Kelvin; Ogello, Erick; Obiero, Kevin. 2023
Naziri, Diego; Belton, Ben; Loison, Sarah Alobo; Reardon, Thomas; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Kaguongo, Wachira; Maina, Kelvin; Ogello, Erick; Obiero, Kevin. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions put in place to contain it. This study assesses the impact of these restrictions on the midstream of the potato and fish value chains, with a focus on traders and processors, and investigates the short- and longer-term responses and ‘pivoting’ strategies deployed by these firms. Longitudinal data were collected from 937 respondents with three recall periods: (1) the pre-pandemic situation (2019); (2) the period of strictest restrictions, necessitating immediate adaptations by firms (2020); and (3) a period of anticipated recovery with longer-term business adaptation strategies (2021). Firms in both value chains reported a dramatic drop in turnover in 2020. Potato SMEs partially recovered in 2021, but fish SMEs reported further declines in turnover. In the face of restrictions, SMEs shifted toward more localized procurement and sales, shorter supply chains (often by-passing intermediaries and increasing use of contracts), use of smaller vehicles, and toward the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) to search for and engage with business partners. Smaller firms and the biggest of businesses were more resilient and less subject to large fluctuations in business turnover, suggesting an inverted U-shape relationship between firm size and impact. Firms located close to production areas and selling primarily within their own county were also less affected. We provide recommendations for increasing business resilience to shocks based on these findings.
Measuring changes in the Kenya’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (268.1 KB)
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Malaria control and elimination in Kenya: Economy-wide benefits and regional disparities
Elnour, Zuhal; Grethe, Harold; Siddig, Khalid; Munga, Stephen . 2023
Elnour, Zuhal; Grethe, Harold; Siddig, Khalid; Munga, Stephen . 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Background
Malaria remains a public health problem in Kenya despite several concerted control efforts. Empirical evidence regarding malaria effects in Kenya suggests that the disease imposes substantial economic costs, jeopardizing the achievement of sustainable development goals. The Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023), which is currently being implemented, is one of several sequential malaria control and elimination strategies. The strategy targets reducing malaria incidences and deaths by 75% of the 2016 levels by 2023 through spending around Kenyan Shillings 61.9 billion over 5 years. This paper assesses the economy-wide implications of implementing this strategy.
Malaria remains a public health problem in Kenya despite several concerted control efforts. Empirical evidence regarding malaria effects in Kenya suggests that the disease imposes substantial economic costs, jeopardizing the achievement of sustainable development goals. The Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023), which is currently being implemented, is one of several sequential malaria control and elimination strategies. The strategy targets reducing malaria incidences and deaths by 75% of the 2016 levels by 2023 through spending around Kenyan Shillings 61.9 billion over 5 years. This paper assesses the economy-wide implications of implementing this strategy.
Methods
An economy-wide simulation model is calibrated to a comprehensive 2019 database for Kenya, considering different epidemiological zones. Two scenarios are simulated with the model. The first scenario (GOVT) simulates the annual costs of implementing the Kenya Malaria Strategy by increasing government expenditure on malaria control and elimination programmes. The second scenario (LABOR) reduces malaria incidences by 75% in all epidemiological malaria zones without accounting for the changes in government expenditure, which translates into rising the household labour endowment (benefits of the strategy).
Results
Implementing the Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023) enhances gross domestic product at the end of the strategy implementation period due to more available labour. In the short term, government health expenditure (direct malaria costs) increases significantly, which is critical in controlling and eliminating malaria. Expanding the health sector raises the demand for production factors, such as labour and capital. The prices for these factors rise, boosting producer and consumer prices of non-health-related products. Consequently, household welfare decreases during the strategy implementation period. In the long run, household labour endowment increases due to reduced malaria incidences and deaths (indirect malaria costs). However, the size of the effects varies across malaria epidemiological and agroecological zones depending on malaria prevalence and factor ownership.
Conclusions
This paper provides policymakers with an ex-ante assessment of the implications of malaria control and elimination on household welfare across various malaria epidemiological zones. These insights assist in developing and implementing related policy measures that reduce the undesirable effects in the short run. Besides, the paper supports an economically beneficial long-term malaria control and elimination effect.
Consumer demand for milk and the informal dairy sector amidst COVID-19 in Nairobi, Kenya
Alonso, Silvia; Angel, Moira; Muunda, Emmanuel; Kilonzi, Emily; Palloni, Giordano; Grace, Delia; Leroy, Jef L.. 2023
Alonso, Silvia; Angel, Moira; Muunda, Emmanuel; Kilonzi, Emily; Palloni, Giordano; Grace, Delia; Leroy, Jef L.. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had large negative effects on countries’ economies and individual well-being throughout the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Pandemic-related changes in behavior and government restrictions in Kenya may have negatively affected food supply chains and household food access; however, the empirical evidence is currently limited.
Objectives: The study explored changes in informal milk markets, dairy consumption, and food insecurity among low-income households in urban and periurban Nairobi, Kenya, following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
Methods: Baseline data on milk sales and consumption were collected in late 2019 from dairy vendors operating in the informal sector and their dairy customers. We conducted 2 longitudinal telephone surveys with the same study participants in July and September–October 2020, respectively.
Results: At the first follow-up, the volume of milk sold by informal vendors had dropped by 30% compared with their baseline level, and the volume of milk from informal markets consumed by households decreased by 23%. By the second follow-up, the volume of milk sold and consumed had recovered somewhat but remained lower than the volume observed 1 y prior in the same season. Large reductions in the consumption of other animal–sourced products were also observed. The rate of food insecurity increased by 16 and 11 percentage points in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively, compared with baseline.
Conclusions: The evidence, therefore, suggests that the timing of the pandemic and the related restrictions were associated with a decrease in the supply and consumption of milk from informal markets in Nairobi and a decrease in the food security of periurban consumers.
Objectives: The study explored changes in informal milk markets, dairy consumption, and food insecurity among low-income households in urban and periurban Nairobi, Kenya, following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
Methods: Baseline data on milk sales and consumption were collected in late 2019 from dairy vendors operating in the informal sector and their dairy customers. We conducted 2 longitudinal telephone surveys with the same study participants in July and September–October 2020, respectively.
Results: At the first follow-up, the volume of milk sold by informal vendors had dropped by 30% compared with their baseline level, and the volume of milk from informal markets consumed by households decreased by 23%. By the second follow-up, the volume of milk sold and consumed had recovered somewhat but remained lower than the volume observed 1 y prior in the same season. Large reductions in the consumption of other animal–sourced products were also observed. The rate of food insecurity increased by 16 and 11 percentage points in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively, compared with baseline.
Conclusions: The evidence, therefore, suggests that the timing of the pandemic and the related restrictions were associated with a decrease in the supply and consumption of milk from informal markets in Nairobi and a decrease in the food security of periurban consumers.
Impact of information on demand for safe food
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Ochenje, Ibrahim; Okoth, Sheila. Washington, DC 2023
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Ochenje, Ibrahim; Okoth, Sheila. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (336.2 KB)
Problems caused by eating unsafe food are a major health issue in many countries. Contamination by bacteria or toxins can cause these health risks, particularly for young children whose bodies are still developing. It can be difficult to know which foods are risky because you usually cannot tell by looking if food is contaminated. The goal of this research was to see whether giving consumers in Kenya infor-mation about one of these contamination risks would make them choose to purchase different products.
Domestic burdens amid COVID-19 and women’s mental health in middle-income Africa
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen; Rabbani, Atonu; Ngunjiri, Anne; Oyekunle, Amy; Wenham, Clare. 2023
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen; Rabbani, Atonu; Ngunjiri, Anne; Oyekunle, Amy; Wenham, Clare. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
This article analyzes two longitudinal datasets (October – December 2020; April 2021) of 1,000 and 900 women in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively, alongside in-depth qualitative interviews with women at risk of changes to time use, to study two pandemic issues: women’s substitution of paid for unpaid work and how these shifts compromise their mental health. Women devote more time to domestic care (30–38 percent), less time to employment (29–46 percent), and become unemployed (12–17 percent). A rise in domestic work is correlated with depressive (Nigeria) and anxiety symptoms (Kenya and Nigeria). Women with greater agency (Kenya) and fewer children (Nigeria) are less likely to report a domestic burden or loss in paid activities. Social protection programs may fill the void of assistance traditionally provided by informal networks in the short term, while campaigns shifting norms around household work may preserve women’s economic participation in the long term.
Land market responses to weather shocks: Evidence from rural Uganda and Kenya
Tabetando, Rayner; Fani, Djomo Choumbou Raoul; Ragasa, Catherine; Michuda, Aleksandr. 2023
Tabetando, Rayner; Fani, Djomo Choumbou Raoul; Ragasa, Catherine; Michuda, Aleksandr. 2023
The economywide effects of reducing food loss and waste in developing countries
Aragie, Emerta; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF
One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is reducing food loss and waste (FLW) across all stages of food value chains, including the on-farm production, the off-farm postharvest, processing, and distribution, and the household consumption stages. We employ general equilibrium models for Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria to assess the economywide implications of reducing FLW at different stages of value chains. Halving FLW results in GDP increases of between 1.1 and 2 percent, with up to 13 million people lifted out of poverty across the three countries. Diets also improve – especially in Kenya and Nigeria – due to greater availability and lower prices of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables. Although most of the gains originate from reducing FLW in the on-farm production stage, strong intersectoral linkages mean around 30 percent of measured GDP gains are realized in non-agricultural sectors. Reducing waste at the final consumption stage has small negative impacts on GDP as households purchase less food without reducing their food intake. We conclude that the significant economywide gains provide a justification for adopting FLW reduction strategies, although costing the policy and investment options needed to reduce FLW is an important area for future research.
Biosafety and biodiversity risks
Smale, Melinda; De Groote, Hugo; Falck-Zepeda, Jose´ Benjamin. Washington, DC; Rome, Italy; México, D.F., Mexico 2006
Smale, Melinda; De Groote, Hugo; Falck-Zepeda, Jose´ Benjamin. Washington, DC; Rome, Italy; México, D.F., Mexico 2006
Abstract | PDF
What is Biosafety Risk? The potential biosafety risks of transgenic varieties have generated controversy in the international community. According to the U.S. National Research Council (2002), these risks include (1) the flow of transgenes, (2) evolution of resistance in the targeted pest population, (3) plant escape and establishment of self-reproducing populations, (4) effects on nontarget species, and (5) health hazards (NRC 2002).
Kenya's agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | PDF (605.9 KB)
This analysis is composed of two parts. The evolving structure of Kenya’s agrifood system (AFS) and its contribution to national development is assessed using a series of Social Accounting Matrixes (SAMs) for Kenya for the period 2009–2019. Economic performance is also assessed at subsector level to better understand the contributions of different agrifood value chains to Kenya’s development and economic transformation in recent years. The analysis reveals that the effects of AFS transformation stretches well beyond primary agriculture, creating jobs and income opportunities throughout the economy. In fact, the off-farm components of the AFS have grown more rapidly than primary agriculture, although differences in market structure and internationally tradable status contributed to varied patterns of growth across value chains. The analysis further reveals that it is the domestic market, not exports, that has driven the recent growth in Kenya’s AFS. Rapid urbanization and increased incomegenerating opportunities in the rural nonfarm sector are causing dietary patterns to shift, which will continue to shape the transformation of the AFS in Kenya. A forward-looking analysis using IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) model – an economywide modeling framework – assesses the potential impacts of future value chain growth on development outcome indicators. The findings reveal that value chains differ considerably in their effectiveness in achieving various development outcomes. Promoting only one value chain may also result in trade-offs across these development goals. For example, the coffee and tea value chains are highly effective at raising off-farm employment in the AFS, but they have weak impacts on diet quality. Likewise, cattle and dairy have strong off-farm GDP effects within the AFS, but are relatively ineffective at reducing poverty. By promoting and investing in several value chains simultaneously, policymakers can leverage synergies and mitigate trade-offs across development outcomes associated with specific value chains. The RIAPA analysis here suggests that joint promotion of the pulses and oilseeds, fruits and nuts, and cattle and dairy value chains will be most effective at impacting the full spectrum of development outcomes tracked in the model, including poverty, growth, jobs, and diets. However, the final value chain selection may change depending on the importance policymakers attach to the respective development outcomes.
Assessing food security among young farmers in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Mburu, John; Gituro, Wainaina; Chumo, Chepchumba; Mignouna, Djana; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Akomolafe, John Kehinde; Ejima, Joseph. 2023
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Mburu, John; Gituro, Wainaina; Chumo, Chepchumba; Mignouna, Djana; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Akomolafe, John Kehinde; Ejima, Joseph. 2023
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Food insecurity remains a serious challenge for many households in Africa and the situation is even more prevalent among young people. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on youth food security status in Africa. We assessed the level and determinants of food security among young farmers in Africa. We adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to select 400, 429, and 606 young farmers in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, respectively. Individual food consumption was assessed following a 7 days recall method. The Food Consumption Score, which combines dietary diversity and consumption frequency was used to assess food security status while the determinants of food security were identified using a logistic regression model. Results suggest low dietary diversity across the three countries. Also, the majority of the respondents had an unacceptable food consumption score, suggesting that despite being food producers, young farmers are still food insecure. The odds of being food secure was positively determined by access to extension services, participation in the ENABLE TAAT business incubation programme, and access to market information but, negatively by access to credit, number of employees, Covid-19 pandemic, and location. Additionally, the food security status of young female farmers was positively influenced by age, suggesting that younger youths are less food secure compared to older ones. These results suggest that more efforts should be directed towards improving the food security of young African farmers and that policy- and programme-level interventions should support access to extension services, market information, and land. Additionally, more investments should be directed towards developing need-based agribusiness incubation programmes with an effort to scale existing programmes beyond the regular one-time period.
Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low-middle-income-countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys
Karyadi, Elvina; Reddy, J. C.; Dearden, Kirk A.; Purwanti, Tutut; Asri, Eriana; Roquero, Loreto B.; Juguan, Jocelyn A.; Sapitula-Evidente, Anjali; Alam, M. K.; Das, Susmita; Nair, Gopa K.; Srivastava, Anuj; Raut, Manoj K.. 2023
Karyadi, Elvina; Reddy, J. C.; Dearden, Kirk A.; Purwanti, Tutut; Asri, Eriana; Roquero, Loreto B.; Juguan, Jocelyn A.; Sapitula-Evidente, Anjali; Alam, M. K.; Das, Susmita; Nair, Gopa K.; Srivastava, Anuj; Raut, Manoj K.. 2023
Abstract | Link
Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anaemia is associated with perinatal mortality, child morbidity and mortality, mental development, immune competence, susceptibility to lead poisoning and performance at work. The objective of this article is to identify whether antenatal care-seeking was associated with the uptake of iron supplementation among pregnant women, adjusting for a range of covariates. This article used data from the cross-sectional recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean regions. The individual-level data from 273,144 women of reproductive age (15−49 years) were analysed from multi-country DHS. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW), Release 18.0. Receiving at least four antenatal care visits was significantly associated with the consumption of 90 or more iron-containing supplements in 12 low and middle income countries across three regions after adjusting for different household and respondent characteristics, while mass media exposure was found to be a significant predictor in India and Indonesia. Antenatal care seems to be the most important predictor of adherence to iron intake in the selected countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean regions.
Impacts of implementing the bottom-up economic plan of jobs, poverty, and food security in Kenya
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Kiriga, Benson; Laichena, Joshua; Mbuthia, Juneweenx; Ngugi, Rose; Omune, Lensa; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Kiriga, Benson; Laichena, Joshua; Mbuthia, Juneweenx; Ngugi, Rose; Omune, Lensa; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF
This policy note presents results from an economy-wide model to assess the expected impacts of implementing the Bottom-Up Economic Plan in Kenya. The economywide modeling results suggest that the design of the Bottom-Up Economic Plan is consistent with its goals of achieving broad-based growth and benefiting the poor, particularly the poorest of the poor at the bottom of the pyramid. We estimate that 5 million jobs will be created, 5.5 million people will move out of poverty, and 2.9 million people will be lifted out of hunger by 2027 under the implementation of the Plan scenario, as compared to today. The structural transformation envisaged in the Plan is key for achieving higher middle-income status. Growth driven by productivity-enhancing private investments (especially in domestic manufacturing) and exports will lead to the acceleration of structural change. Growth led by the agricultural sector is far more effective at reducing poverty than a similar level of growth coming from nonagricultural sectors.
Farming Systems Analysis in support of user-centered research and innovation: A joint cross-initiative collaboration
Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Caulfield, Mark; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Girvetz, Evan; Gosh, Aniruddha; Guo, Zhe; You, Liangzhi. 2022
Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Caulfield, Mark; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Girvetz, Evan; Gosh, Aniruddha; Guo, Zhe; You, Liangzhi. 2022
Abstract | Link
Farming Systems Analysis (FSA) is commonly used in CGIAR to assess ‘what works where, and for who?’. The findings are used to prioritize tailored/context-specific interventions and target investments for greater impact. An assessment of seven new CGIAR initiatives showed us that FSA is employed in a similar way across these initiatives, open ing up avenues for strong collaboration and sharing of data, methods and results to achieve better synergies than we have done in the past.
Championing gender in agricultural services in Kenya
Bikketi, Edward; Gumucio, Tatiana; Cecchi, Francesco; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2022
Bikketi, Edward; Gumucio, Tatiana; Cecchi, Francesco; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (267.9 KB)
Key messages:
• Champion farmers are male and female influencers recruited to support the delivery of
agricultural services to fellow farmers within their communities (including seeds,
advisories, and crop insurance), thereby promoting gender and social inclusion.
• Providing insurance as a stand-alone product is too expensive to build a sustainable
and cost-effective champion farmer model; there is a need to integrate the model with
other services, including the provision of seeds, and to leverage government subsidies.
• Champion farmers face steep competition from other service providers in the provision
of seeds, but their networks give them opportunities to tap into underserved markets,
as they have connections with women-led farmer collectives.
• Female champion farmers’ socially ascribed gender roles and responsibilities related
to homecare contribute to time poverty and drudgery and potentially inhibit the extent
to which women can benefit from their champion role.
• It is necessary to promote a better understanding of insurance among farmers and
build farmers’ trust in services and products through additional training of champion
farmers, sensitization of farmers, and awareness creation.
• Champion farmers are male and female influencers recruited to support the delivery of
agricultural services to fellow farmers within their communities (including seeds,
advisories, and crop insurance), thereby promoting gender and social inclusion.
• Providing insurance as a stand-alone product is too expensive to build a sustainable
and cost-effective champion farmer model; there is a need to integrate the model with
other services, including the provision of seeds, and to leverage government subsidies.
• Champion farmers face steep competition from other service providers in the provision
of seeds, but their networks give them opportunities to tap into underserved markets,
as they have connections with women-led farmer collectives.
• Female champion farmers’ socially ascribed gender roles and responsibilities related
to homecare contribute to time poverty and drudgery and potentially inhibit the extent
to which women can benefit from their champion role.
• It is necessary to promote a better understanding of insurance among farmers and
build farmers’ trust in services and products through additional training of champion
farmers, sensitization of farmers, and awareness creation.
CGIAR initiative on One Health: Protecting human health through a One Health approach
Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Hoffmann, Vivian; Bett, Bernard; Fèvre, Eric; Moodley, Arshnee; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Mohan, Chadag; Daszak, Peter; Bonfoh, Bassirou. Nairobi, Kenya 2022
Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Hoffmann, Vivian; Bett, Bernard; Fèvre, Eric; Moodley, Arshnee; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Mohan, Chadag; Daszak, Peter; Bonfoh, Bassirou. Nairobi, Kenya 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
This initiative aims to show how a One Health approach – which recognizes the interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment – can help reduce antimicrobial resistance, improve food and water safety, and manage zoonotic diseases, leading to better human, animal, and environment health. It forms part of CGIAR’s new research portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Edutainment, gender and intra-household decision-making in agriculture: A field experiment in Kenya
Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian. Washington, DC 2022
Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (471.4 KB)
Oftentimes, a man’s opinion is valued over a woman’s, with women expected to take a back seat when decisions are made in their households and in society (Kawarazuka et al., 2019). Such social norms create unequal participation between female and male smallholder farmers in African agriculture. Additionally, it puts women in positions where they can be abused (and tolerate abuse), especially by their spouses. This is a threat to women’s empowerment, increasing gender gaps in society and within families. It is therefore imperative to address societal norms that do not allow a level playing ground for both sexes in agriculture.
Mechanization, digitalization, and rural youth-stakeholder perceptions on three mega-topics for agricultural transformation in four African countries
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Patrice Ygue; Adegbola, Carine; Daudu, Christogonus; Issa, Fadlullah; Kirui, Oliver. 2022
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Patrice Ygue; Adegbola, Carine; Daudu, Christogonus; Issa, Fadlullah; Kirui, Oliver. 2022
Abstract | Link
Mechanization, digitalization, and rural youth engagement are central to African agricultural transformation. Each of these topics is associated with debates on opportunities, risks, and appropriate policy actions, which become visible in international research discourses and policy fora. In contrast, little is known about the viewpoints of national stakeholders. This paper explores the viewpoints of 195 respondents from different stakeholders categories in Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mali. The results reveal hitherto neglected aspects, e.g., the role of animal traction, the continued appeal of state-led mechanization, and data sovereignty concerns. Gender, age, and education influence the viewpoints on some topics. Paying attention to local stakeholders can help to choose and design the most promising policies/programs and ensure their implementation on the ground.
Transforming food systems in Kenya for a new era of growth and prosperity: Research-based recommendations for the new government
Breisinger, Clemens; Karugia, Joseph; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Karugia, Joseph; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (10.3 MB)
The new Kenyan government faces a complex domestic and global environment, and it is widely expected to address key food and agricultural challenges with a new set of policies and programs. This policy brief presents key recommendations from a forthcoming book, Food Systems Transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the Past and Policy Options for the Future, which provides research-based “food for thought and action” to support the Kenyan government’s efforts to improve food security.
Food safety in food security and food trade
Unnevehr, Laurian J., ed.. Washington, DC 2003
Unnevehr, Laurian J., ed.. Washington, DC 2003
Abstract | PDF
Food safety is receiving heightened attention worldwide as the important links between food and health are increasingly recognized. Improving food safety is an essential element of improving food security, which exists when populations have access to sufficient and healthy food. At the same time, as food trade expands throughout the world, food safety has become a shared concern among both developed and developing countries. Governments in many countries have established new institutions, standards, and methods for regulating food safety and have increased investments in hazard control. This set of policy briefs describes how developing countries are addressing food safety issues in order to improve both food security and food trade, and discusses the risks, benefits, and costs when such policies are implemented.
Predicting famer demand for Bt Maize in Kenya
Smale, Melinda; De Groote, Hugo; Owuor, George. Washington, DC; Rome, Italy; México, D.F., Mexico 2006
Smale, Melinda; De Groote, Hugo; Owuor, George. Washington, DC; Rome, Italy; México, D.F., Mexico 2006
Abstract | PDF
The Importance of Maize Improvement in Kenya Agriculture is the leading sector in Kenya’s economy, providing employment to more than two-thirds of the population. Maize continues to be the major food staple, and Kenyans have one of the highest rates of maize consumption per capita in Africa. Kenya experienced spectacular maize breeding successes in the 1960s and 1970s, with diffusion curves for hybrids as steep as those of the U.S. Corn Belt in preceding decades (Gerhart 1975). In the past few decades, however, a number of factors have contributed to stagnating national maize production, including a secular (long-term) decline in soil fertility and decreasing public research investments.
Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework
Adato, Michelle; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2002
Adato, Michelle; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2002
Abstract | PDF
As the goals of international agricultural research move beyond increasing food production to the broader aims of reducing poverty, both agricultural research and studies of its impact become more complex. Yet examining the magnitude and mechanisms through which different types of agricultural research are able to help the poor is essential, not only to evaluate claims for continued funding of such research, but more importantly, to guide future research in ways that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction. This paper reports on the approach used in a multicountry study of the poverty impact of research programs under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The studies use an expanded understanding of poverty that goes beyond income- or consumption-based headcounts or severity measures, to consider many other factors that poor people in different contexts define as contributing to their vulnerability, poverty, and well-being. The sustainable livelihoods framework provides a common conceptual approach to examining the ways in which agricultural research and technologies fit (or sometimes do not fit) into the livelihood strategies of households or individuals with different types of assets and other resources, strategies that often involve multiple activities undertaken at different times of the year. This paper reports on the conceptual framework, methods, and findings to date of these studies. It provides an overview of the sustainable livelihoods approach, how it can be applied to agricultural research, and describes detailed methods and results from five case studies: (1) modern rice varieties in Bangladesh; (2) polyculture fishponds and vegetable gardens in Bangladesh; (3) soil fertility management practices in Kenya; (4) hybrid maize in Zimbabwe; and (5) creolized maize varieties in Mexico.
Labor-intensive public works for food security
von Braun, Joachim; Teklu, Tesfaye; Webb, Patrick. Washington, DC 1991
von Braun, Joachim; Teklu, Tesfaye; Webb, Patrick. Washington, DC 1991
Abstract | PDF
Labor intensive public works program, a key instrument for addressing food security problems, are widely applied in Asia and were commonly utilized by today's industrialized countries, for example, during economic crises, for example, in the eighteenth century and during the 1920s and 1930s. Yes, until recently, they were rarely used in sub-Saharan Africa. This report reviews the experience with labor-intensive public works programs in Africa and identifies potentials for such program to improve food security of target population groups. The information generated leads to preliminary policy conclusions, strategy formulation, and program design for reducing hunger and malnutrition.
Implications of avian flu for economic development in Kenya
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2010
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2010
Abstract | PDF
Kenya is vulnerable to avian flu given its position along migratory bird routes and proximity to other high-risk countries. This raises concerns about the effect an outbreak could have on economic development. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of Kenya to simulate potential outbreaks of different severities, durations, and geographic spreads. Results indicate that even a severe outbreak does not greatly reduce economic growth. It does, however, significantly worsen poverty, because poultry is an important income source for poor farmers and a major food item in consumers� baskets. Avian flu therefore does pose a threat to future development in Kenya. Reducing the duration and geographic spread of an outbreak is found to substantially lower economic losses. However, losses are still incurred when poultry demand falls, even without a confirmed outbreak but only the threat of an outbreak. Our findings support monitoring poultry production and trade, responding rapidly to possible infections, and improving both farmers� and consumers� awareness of avian flu.
An overview of the poultry sector and status of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Kenya
Omiti, John Moturi; Okuthe, Sam O.. Washington, DC 2009
Omiti, John Moturi; Okuthe, Sam O.. Washington, DC 2009
Abstract | PDF (1.3 MB)
Poultry keeping in Kenya plays a major role as a livelihood source, an income generating activity as well meeting other socio-cultural roles. Poultry production is, however, threatened by the emerging HPAI threat that has devastated other parts of the world. This study documented available information on the poultry sector. The objective was to identify knowledge gaps that HPAI research in Kenya should focus on. A thorough review of existing literature was done including searches over the internet. The study found that Kenya had about 37 million birds in 2006 of which 84.1% were free-ranging indigenous birds, 8.4% were layers, 5.7% were broilers while other poultry species accounted for 1.8%. About 65% of Kenyan households keep chickens; each household keeps about 12 chickens on average. Poultry are produced in four main production systems, which are labelled Sectors 1 - 4 according to the FAO/OIE classification. Sector 1 consists of the integrated industrial producers (big companies), Sector 2 is made up of hatcheries, and Sector 3 is dominated by smallholder semi-commercial farmers while Sector 4 constitutes the village or "backyard" (traditional) poultry production system. The September 2005 HPAI scare is estimated to have caused a loss of about Ksh 2.3 billion (US$40,000) mainly due to reduced demand for poultry products as consumers shunned away these products. Prices of poultry and poultry products declined due to the scare. For instance, the price of one broiler, indigenous chicken and spent layer declined by 15%, 26% and 29% during the period of the HPAI scare. The price of indigenous eggs fell by 7% while that of the commercial eggs decreased by 15%. Significant gaps in knowledge still remain. Based on these findings, the study recommends the following: * There is a need to conduct a poultry population census (possibly together with that of other livestock species) in order to update and validate existing data. * There is a need to create awareness of HPAI among producers and consumers of poultry products in order to reduce their ignorance on the disease transmission and therefore avert possible losses due to a HPAI scare. * Compensatory mechanisms should be instituted, possibly through poultry insurance schemes, in order to cushion farmers and businesses in the poultry sector from economic losses associated with a HPAI outbreak or scare of an outbreak. * The veterinary department should come up with clear guidelines on the appropriate control approaches for the disease (e.g. to vaccinate or not vaccinate). Research is also needed in the following areas: * Evaluation of the poultry sector value chains to identify "hot spots" for HPAI entry to aid in designing effective control/eradication strategies; * Evaluation of different marketing channels of poultry and poultry products with a view to identifying key actors (who are they, how many, what are their incentives, how are they organized, etc) in those channels and their level of awareness of HPAI and its potential threat; * Evaluation of different segments of consumers with a view to promoting consumer awareness of HPAI risk; * Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of alternative HPAI control strategies in the wake of a potential outbreak; * Appropriate compensation mechanisms that are suitable for the structure of the poultry sector in Kenya; * Potential losses arising from a disease outbreak or scare; * Risk analysis as a component of early warning system in risk based surveillance strategy; and * Impact of the disease and the control measures on the livelihoods of the poor.
Mapping the likelihood of introduction and spread of HPAI in Africa and Indonesia using Multicriteria Decision Modelling
Stevens, Kim; de Glanville, Will; Costard, Solenne; Métras, Raphaëlle; Theuri, Wachira; Kruska, Russ; Randolph, Thomas F.; Grace, Delia; Hendrickx, Saskia; Pfeiffer, Dirk. Washington, DC 2008
Stevens, Kim; de Glanville, Will; Costard, Solenne; Métras, Raphaëlle; Theuri, Wachira; Kruska, Russ; Randolph, Thomas F.; Grace, Delia; Hendrickx, Saskia; Pfeiffer, Dirk. Washington, DC 2008
Abstract | PDF
Spatial analysis of the distribution of disease risk and its visual presentation through risk maps can be used to inform the design of animal disease surveillance resulting in more cost-effective strategies. It is suitable for application in the context of HPAI H5N1 in Africa and Indonesia where the disease has already been introduced and is endemic in some areas.; Two main approaches can be used to produce risk maps:; A data-driven approach, which uses actual disease data to identify risk factors that allow the absolute risk of disease occurrence in an area to be determined;; A knowledge-driven approach, which uses knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease to identify areas at higher or lower risk of disease occurrence relative to the surrounding areas.; Both approaches are based on available evidence. However, when empirical data about the distribution of the disease are not readily available or when data are only available on some aspects of the epidemiology of a multi-factorial disease, knowledge-driven approaches can be used to determine those areas in which a specific disease is most likely to occur using models such as multicriteria decision modelling (MCDM) (Clements et al. 2006, Pfeiffer et al. 2008).; In contrast to data-driven modelling, MCDM does not generate estimates of absolute risk. Instead, MCDM generates maps that identify areas with a higher or lower likelihood of an event of interest occurring relative to surrounding areas on the same map. A study described in more detail in EDRS-AIA risk mapping documents (2009) was conducted using an MCDM approach to describe the spatial variation in the likelihood of: introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus HPAI H5N1 in Africa, and spread of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.; This brief summarizes the methodology used to produce the maps for continental Africa and Indonesia, and the findings. In addition to the three maps in this brief, maps for other African countries were produced and are presented in the report, Mapping the Likelihood of Introduction and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Africa, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria using Multicriteria Decision Modelling (Stevens et al. 2009); and maps for Indonesia can be found in Mapping the Risk of Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Indonesia using Multicriteria Decision Modelling (de Glanville et al. 2009). These reports also include a more detailed description of the methodology used to produce the maps.
Mapping the likelihood of introduction and spread of HPAI Virus H5N1 in Africa, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria
Stevens, Kim; Costard, Solenne; Métras, Raphaëlle; Pfeiffer, Dirk. Washington, DC 2009
Stevens, Kim; Costard, Solenne; Métras, Raphaëlle; Pfeiffer, Dirk. Washington, DC 2009
Abstract | PDF
The results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of disease risk and its visual presentation through risk maps allow for the design of targeted and therefore more cost-effective animal disease surveillance strategies. There are various methods by which disease risk maps can be generated. One of these is multicriteria decision modelling (MCDM) which is a knowledge-driven approach to the production of risk maps. As with all modelling work, it is important for the user of these outputs to be aware of the assumptions made in relation to the models and any potential sources of selection and information bias when interpreting the results of such analyses. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial variation in the likelihood of (i) introduction and (ii) spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 on a continental scale in Africa. This report describes the methods used to produce likelihood maps illustrating the likelihood of introduction and subsequent spread of HPAIV H5N1 at both the continental and country level (Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Ghana; targeted countries of the DfID project), and highlights limitations associated with the maps.
Overview of qualitative risk assessments for the introduction and spread of HPAI H5N1 Virus
Métras, Raphaëlle; Costard, Solenne. Washington, DC 2009
Métras, Raphaëlle; Costard, Solenne. Washington, DC 2009
Abstract | PDF
From 2006 to the present, 11 countries in Africa reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Cameroon. Other than Egypt, where the disease is endemic, the last cases of HPAI H5N1 in Africa reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) occurred in Nigeria (June and July 2008) and Togo (September 2008). In Indonesia, the disease has become endemic since its introduction in 2004. Qualitative risk assessment is the most common type of assessment to guide routine decisionmaking, especially in data-scarce environments. It allows for the development of risk mitigation strategies and for the identification of data gaps, and provides useful recommendations for future research. A joint research team from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) in London and International Livestock Research institute (ILRI) in Nairobi led five qualitative risk assessments in Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Indonesia between October 2008 and June 2009. The work was carried out by national collaborators: Paa Kobina Turkson (Ghana), Bewket Siraw and Hassen Chaka (Ethiopia), Dennis Onkundi (Kenya), Garba Maina Ahmed (Nigeria), and Syafrison Idris and Maria F. Palupi (Indonesia). In each of the five countries, a stakeholders workshop was held in October or November 2008. These workshops had three main objectives: to present the risk assessment objectives to the stakeholders; to define the risk questions of interest for each country; and to outline the risk pathways. Drawing on the workshop outcomes, the risk assessments (RAs) were then conducted from January to April 2009. Given the scarcity of data in these environments, input data for the models were collected by expert opinion elicitation, with key informants responding to questionnaires. The RA reports are currently being finalized.
The role of information networks along the poultry value chain
Birol, Ekin; Tiongco, Marites. Washington, DC 2008
Birol, Ekin; Tiongco, Marites. Washington, DC 2008
Abstract | PDF
Mapping the flow of information along the poultry value chain is crucial for the identification of the actors to whom highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) risks should be communicated. Each actor in the poultry sector, whether private and public, or formal or informal, has particular roles in the risk-communication process. Network mapping exercises help to identify the different actors involved in the poultry value chain, and to understand their roles, linkages, and influence in communicating disease risk information. Consequently, IFPRI and ILRI conducted network mapping exercises with participants of multistakeholder workshops held in Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nigeria.; The following questions were discussed:; What formal, informal, private, and public actors are involved in the live poultry value chain?; What are the flows of goods between various actors?; How does communication on disease information flow in the value chain?; Who in the value chain is influential in the communication of information about HPAI?; What should be improved to make the value chain more resilient against the effects of HPAI and HPAI scare?; Where and how can project findings help inform decisionmaking in the value chain?; This brief highlights and summarizes the main findings of these network maps (Net-Maps). The Net-Maps were drawn based on the participants’ expert opinions as well as their experience with past interventions.
MitigatePlus: Low-emission food systems
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Abstract | PDF (1.8 MB)
The MitigatePlus: Low-Emission Food Systems Initiative aims to contribute to low-emission food systems development and reduce net annual greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from food systems. It forms part of CGIAR’s new Research Portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
MitigatePlus: Sistemas alimentarios bajos en emisiones
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. Montpellier, France 2022
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. Montpellier, France 2022
Abstract | PDF (2.1 MB)
La iniciativa MitigatePlus: Sistemas Alimentarios Bajos en Emisiones tiene como objetivo contribuir a la reducción de las emisiones anuales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en los sistemas alimentarios. Esta iniciativa forma parte del nuevo portafolio de Investigación del CGIAR, que produce ciencia e innovación para transformar los sistemas alimentarios, terrestres e hídricos en un contexto de crisis climática.
The dynamics of Africa’s fruit and vegetable processing sectors
Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Ambali, Mwasilwa; Mwambi, Mercy; Olanipekun, Caleb Ibukun; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Wopereis, Marco C. S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Ambali, Mwasilwa; Mwambi, Mercy; Olanipekun, Caleb Ibukun; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Wopereis, Marco C. S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (157.7 KB)
The production of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in Africa has increased 3.3 percent annually during the last 20 years, but only 0.7 percent in per capita terms (FAOSTAT 2022; Figure 3.1). Africa has the lowest per capita production and consumption of F&V in the world, although South Africa, Morocco, and Egypt are large producers and exporters.
Action against invasive species: Charcoal production, beekeeping, and Prosopis eradication in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
Abstract | Link
Prosopis juliflora is an invasive alien leguminous tree introduced as a way of combating desertification, deforestation, and improving soil fertility. Over time, the tree has reported significant negative externalities to farmers. Different strategies such as management through utilization and complete eradication have been proposed to reduce these externalities. We investigate the various factors associated with adherence to these strategies. In the first place, we assess the correlates of charcoal production, beekeeping, and willingness to completely eradicate Prosopis. We then examine the welfare effects of charcoal production and beekeeping. We use survey data from 530 smallholder households in the Baringo county of Kenya who are currently contending with infestation from the invasive tree. Besides other factors, we show that a positive perception about Prosopis invasion increases the probability of engaging in charcoal production and is adversely related to beekeeping and the willingness to completely eradicate Prosopis. Delving into welfare and poverty effects of these activities, we find charcoal production to be income increasing. We argue that a blend of both management and eradication of Prosopis could offer a win-win solution to both improving the welfare and socio-economic conditions of households while also ensuring environmental and ecological safeguards, with implications for broad-based sustainability.
Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty using the sustainable livelihoods framework
Adato, Michelle; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2002
Adato, Michelle; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2002
Abstract | PDF
As the goals of international agricultural research move beyond increasing food production to the broader aims of reducing poverty, both agricultural research and studies of its impact become more complex. Yet examining the magnitude and mechanisms through which different types of agricultural research are able to help the poor is essential, not only to evaluate claims for continued funding of such research, but more importantly, to guide future research in ways that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction. This paper reports on the approach used in a multicountry study of the poverty impact of research programs under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The studies use an expanded understanding of poverty that goes beyond income- or consumption-based headcounts or severity measures, to consider many other factors that poor people in different contexts define as contributing to their vulnerability, poverty, and well-being. The sustainable livelihoods framework provides a common conceptual approach to examining the ways in which agricultural research and technologies fit (or sometimes do not fit) into the livelihood strategies of households or individuals with different types of assets and other resources, strategies that often involve multiple activities undertaken at different times of the year. This paper reports on the conceptual framework, methods, and findings to date of these studies. It provides an overview of the sustainable livelihoods approach, how it can be applied to agricultural research, and describes detailed methods and results from five case studies: (1) modern rice varieties in Bangladesh; (2) polyculture fishponds and vegetable gardens in Bangladesh; (3) soil fertility management practices in Kenya; (4) hybrid maize in Zimbabwe; and (5) creolized maize varieties in Mexico.
Upside risk, consumption value, and market returns to food safety
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Pieters, Janneke; Treurniet, Mark. 2023
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Pieters, Janneke; Treurniet, Mark. 2023
Abstract | Link
We investigate the effect of a modest food safety premium on semisubsistence farmers' investment in a food safety technology. We demonstrate theoretically that in the face of production uncertainty, a market incentive below the marginal production cost of achieving the safety standard can increase food safety investment among farmers motivated by private health returns. We test this prediction through a randomized controlled trial in Kenya through which members of existing farmer groups were offered an opportunity to purchase a food safety input, and half were offered a 5% market premium for produce that met the associated regulatory standard. Access to the premium more than doubled investment in the food safety technology. In line with the model's prediction, most premium-induced adoption was by farmers motivated by a combination of health and financial rewards.
Developing strategies to commercialise biofortified crops and foods
Nyangaresi, Annette M.; Friesen, Valerie M.; McClafferty, Bonnie; van der Merwe, Charl; Haswell, Daniel; Reyes, Byron; Mudyahoto, Bho; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Nyangaresi, Annette M.; Friesen, Valerie M.; McClafferty, Bonnie; van der Merwe, Charl; Haswell, Daniel; Reyes, Byron; Mudyahoto, Bho; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Abstract | Link
Biofortification (or nutrient enrichment) of staple crops has the potential to contribute to reducing micronutrient deficiencies by increasing micronutrient intakes. In 2019, GAIN and HarvestPlus entered a partnership to lead the Commercialisation of Biofortified Crops (CBC) Programme, which aims to catalyse commercial markets for biofortified crops in six countries across Africa and Asia. During the CBC programme inception phase, information on the value chains and their challenges and opportunities for commercialisation were collected for each country-crop combination through literature reviews and third party-led commercialisation assessments. In this paper, we summarise the processes undertaken to identify the potential opportunities and barriers for commercialisation and describe how the findings were used to develop commercialisation strategies for nine country-crop combinations.
See it grow: Monitoring the use of stress-tolerant varieties and seed performance
Wellenstein, Hailey; Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2022
Wellenstein, Hailey; Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (671.8 KB)
Farming is an inherently high-risk activity, and farmers’ livelihoods depend on a set of interlinked environmental factors including weather, soil conditions, disease, pests, and more. Unfortunately, globally, many of the risks in agricultural production have been exacerbated by increasingly erratic and extreme weather patterns (Porter et al. 2014). One way to mitigate such climate risk is the use of seed varieties that are bred to be resilient to the types of extreme weather that crops regularly suffer, such as drought (Cacho et al. 2020). Use of such seeds can potentially help reduce insurance premiums to more sustainable levels, as drought-tolerant varieties could help mitigate losses from moderate droughts and thus insurance would only be required to cover farmers for losses associated with more severe droughts.
In this project note, we examine to what extent the use of drought-tolerant varieties is associated with improved performance in the context of a crop insurance project in Kenya. We hypothesize that crops grown from drought-tolerant varieties sustain less damage than other varieties. We test this hypothesis and extend our analysis to ask if there are phenological differences between stress-tolerant varieties (STVs) and non-STVs that would affect the period during which insurance coverage is needed. Finally, since both reduced risk exposure and phenological differences could affect insurance payouts, and thereby insurance premiums in the longer run, we examine differences in farmers’ yields and insurance payouts between the two groups.
In this project note, we examine to what extent the use of drought-tolerant varieties is associated with improved performance in the context of a crop insurance project in Kenya. We hypothesize that crops grown from drought-tolerant varieties sustain less damage than other varieties. We test this hypothesis and extend our analysis to ask if there are phenological differences between stress-tolerant varieties (STVs) and non-STVs that would affect the period during which insurance coverage is needed. Finally, since both reduced risk exposure and phenological differences could affect insurance payouts, and thereby insurance premiums in the longer run, we examine differences in farmers’ yields and insurance payouts between the two groups.
Using a programme impact pathway to design, monitor, and evaluate interventions to commercialise biofortified crops and foods
Friesen, Valerie M; Mudyahoto, Bho; Birol, Ekin; Nyangaresi, Annette M; Reyes, Byron; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Friesen, Valerie M; Mudyahoto, Bho; Birol, Ekin; Nyangaresi, Annette M; Reyes, Byron; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Using a theory of change (TOC; a simplified definition of how and why an intervention is expected to work) or a programme impact pathway (PIP; a more detailed description of the causal pathways through which an intervention is delivered) to guide design, monitoring, and evaluation efforts is increasingly being used across various nutrition interventions, yet there are few documented examples in biofortification programmes. During the inception phase of the Commercialisation of Biofortified Crops (CBC) programme, which aims to scale up production and consumption of biofortified foods in six countries in Africa and Asia, a PIP was developed and used to inform the design of commercialisation strategies and their monitoring and evaluation. The objective of this paper is to describe that process. Using a generic TOC for biofortification as a starting point, we developed detailed PIPs for each of the nine country-crop combinations. Within each PIP, we identified the commercial pathway(s) and selected the one(s) with the most potential for impact. We then identified the binding constraint along each pathway and a set of activities and resources to tackle it. This process formed the basis of the country-crop commercialisation strategies and associated workplans. Additionally, we developed a monitoring reference manual that included a set of standardised indicators mapped to the PIP and detailed indicator reference sheets. These tools were contextualised for each country-crop combination and formed the basis of the programme’s monitoring and evaluation plans. Using a PIP to guide the development of programme strategies and measurement of achievements is good practice to ensure that programmes have high potential for impact and that relevant information needed to understand the evolution of results along the PIP is collected throughout programme implementation.
Dietary diversity as a food security indicator
Hoddinott, John F.; Yohannes, Yisehac. Washington, DC 2002
Hoddinott, John F.; Yohannes, Yisehac. Washington, DC 2002
Abstract | PDF
Household food security is an important measure of well-being. Although it may not encapsulate all dimensions of poverty, the inability of households to obtain access to enough food for an active, healthy life is surely an important component of their poverty. Accordingly, devising an appropriate measure of food security outcomes is useful in order to identify the food insecure, assess the severity of their food shortfall, characterize the nature of their insecurity (for example, seasonal versus chronic), predict who is most at risk of future hunger, monitor changes in circumstances, and assess the impact of interventions. However, obtaining detailed data on food security status—such as 24- hour recall data on caloric intakes—can be time consuming and expensive and require a high level of technical skill both in data collection and analysis. This paper examines whether an alternative indicator, dietary diversity, defined as the number of unique foods consumed over a given period of time, provides information on household food security. It draws on data from 10 countries (India, the Philippines, Mozambique, Mexico, Bangladesh, Egypt, Mali, Malawi, Ghana, and Kenya) that encompass both poor and middle-income countries, rural and urban sectors, data collected in different seasons, and data on calories acquisition obtained using two different methods. ....[D]ietary diversity would appear to show promise as a means of measuring food security and monitoring changes and impact, particularly when resources available for such measurement are scarce.
Animal health service delivery systems in Kenya's marginal areas under market liberalization
Mugunieri, Lawrence Godiah; Omiti, John Moturi; Irungu, Patrick. Washington, DC 2002
Mugunieri, Lawrence Godiah; Omiti, John Moturi; Irungu, Patrick. Washington, DC 2002
The role of information networks in communicating and responding to HPAI outbreaks
Schiffer, Eva; Narrod, Clare A.; von Grebmer, Klaus. Washington, DC 2008
Schiffer, Eva; Narrod, Clare A.; von Grebmer, Klaus. Washington, DC 2008
Abstract | PDF
In many developing countries, information regarding the occurrence of a disease outbreak must travel through a network of individuals and institutions before it reaches the central government. Likewise, the response must travel back through these networks. Any break in these networks could delay the flow of information and action in either direction, potentially delaying the response and raising the risk of a wider outbreak. It is therefore important to identify the flow of information for disease reporting among institutions, and also to identify how influential these institutions are in terms of their impact on information flow and response to disease occurrence. Thus, researchers from IFPRI and ILRI conducted network mapping exercises with participating stakeholders from governmental agencies, the private sector, research institutions, and farmer and trader organizations during the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) inception workshops held separately in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria to answer the following questions: How does information about a suspected outbreak of avian influenza on the farm or market level reach the respective authorities? How and through which actors is the response to a confirmed outbreak implemented on the ground? In all of these countries, network maps (or Net-Maps) were prepared indicating the actors involved, their different kinds of linkages, and the influence that these actors have on making sure that the information about suspected outbreaks on the farm or market level reaches the national authorities and that an appropriate and timely response is implemented. The Net-Maps were based on experience with past interventions from the participants as well as their expert opinions. The Net-Maps also helped identify bottlenecks in communication and response that need further attention. This brief draws out the main findings from the Net-Maps of the study countries, including the potential breakpoints in the disease reporting and response networks.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - November 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - January 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (699 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - October 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - December 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (506.1 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - February 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B.J.K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B.J.K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (454.8 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Aflatoxin prevalence data collection
Mahuku, George; Nzioki, Henry Sila; Waliyar, Farid; Diarra, Bamory; Kodio, Ondie. Washington, DC 2010
Mahuku, George; Nzioki, Henry Sila; Waliyar, Farid; Diarra, Bamory; Kodio, Ondie. Washington, DC 2010
Abstract | PDF
Information is fragmented on the prevalence of aflatoxins, a variety of mycotoxin, in the maize value chain in Kenya and in the groundnut value chain in Mali. The purpose of this study is to generate a consistent database of aflatoxin prevalence along the maize and groundnut value chains through systematic sampling, and to identify critical points where intervention strategies are likely to have the greatest impact.
Improved fallows in Kenya
Place, Frank M.; Noordin, Qureish; Jama, Bashir; Franzel, Steven. Washington, DC 2004
Place, Frank M.; Noordin, Qureish; Jama, Bashir; Franzel, Steven. Washington, DC 2004
Abstract | PDF
This case study explores the development, dissemination, adoption, and impact of improved tree fallows in rural western Kenya. The processes of technology development and dissemination throughout the region are described and analyzed. To analyze adoption and impact, the paper applies a variety of different data collection methods as well as samples from both pilot areas where researchers maintained a significant presence and non-pilot areas where farmers learned of the technologies through other channels. Sample sizes for the quantitative analysis ranged from almost 2,000 households for measuring the adoption process to just over 100 households for measuring impact indicators. Qualitative methods included long-term case studies for 40 households and focus group discussions involving 16 different groups. The paper describes the ways in which farmers used and modified improved fallow practices. Discussion also examines the types of households using fallows and benefiting from their use.
From food price crisis to an equitable food system
Hawkes, Corinna; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Anastasiou, Kim; Brock, Jessica; Castronuovo, Luciana; Fallon, Naomi; Malapit, Hazel J.; Ndumi, Assumpta; Samuel, Folake; Umugwaneza, Mayse; Wanjohi, Milkah N.; Zorbas, Christina. 2022
Hawkes, Corinna; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Anastasiou, Kim; Brock, Jessica; Castronuovo, Luciana; Fallon, Naomi; Malapit, Hazel J.; Ndumi, Assumpta; Samuel, Folake; Umugwaneza, Mayse; Wanjohi, Milkah N.; Zorbas, Christina. 2022
Abstract | Link
In 2022, the world is experiencing the greatest cost of living crisis in a generation.1 Crises have always highlighted inequities in our societies. With food prices at near record levels globally, rapidly rising inflation, and economic instability, many people living in situations of constraint have no choice but to skip meals, reduce the amount they eat, prepare meals with fewer nutritious foods, and buy cheaper, starchy staples and ultra-processed foods.2, 3 The implications for health inequalities are dire: increased dietary disparities will worsen food insecurity, undernutrition, obesity, and diet-related disease among those who are struggling most.
Innovations en matière de services financiers ruraux et agricoles
Kloeppinger-Todd, Renate; Sharma, Manohar. Washington, D.C. 2010
Kloeppinger-Todd, Renate; Sharma, Manohar. Washington, D.C. 2010
Abstract | PDF
La plupart des ménages ruraux n’ont pas accès à des financements fiables et abordables pour les activités agricoles et autres assurant leur subsistance. De nombreux petits exploitants vivent dans des zones reculées où les services bancaires aux particuliers sont limités et les risques de production élevés. Depuis la récente crise financière, l’octroi de crédit est soumis est encore plus restreint et le besoin de rechercher des approches innovantes de financement rural et agricole est de plus en plus pressant. Le présent ensemble de notes souligne clairement l’importance des réalités auxquelles se heurtent les petits exploitants agricoles, notamment de faibles niveaux d’instruction, la prédominance de l’agriculture de subsistance et le manque d’accès aux instruments financiers modernes. Étant donné la situation, des institutions à la fois nouvelles et novatrices sont indispensables pour atteindre les petits exploitants agricoles. L’émergence des technologies de la communication ouvre de nouvelles possibilités aux activités bancaires en milieu rural, en permettant de réduire les coûts commerciaux et les asymétries de l’information. De nouveaux instruments financiers, tels que des produits d’assurance et de micro-assurance basés sur des indices climatiques, ont également un fort potentiel de gestion des risques subis par les petits exploitants. De plus, le regroupement de services financiers avec d’autres services non financiers, tels que les services de commercialisation et de vulgarisation, offre aux petits exploitants de nouvelles possibilités d’augmenter leur productivité et leurs revenus. Enfin, la mise en place d’un environnement politique et d’un cadre juridique propices, l’application des règles et réglementations et une infrastructure rurale adaptée contribuent grandement à faire de l’accès durable à la finance une réalité.
Gendered barriers and opportunities in Kenya's informal dairy sector: Enhancing gender-equity in urban markets
Galiè, Alessandra; Nijru, Nelly; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Alonso, Silvia. 2022
Galiè, Alessandra; Nijru, Nelly; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Alonso, Silvia. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Informal milk trading in peri-urban Nairobi plays a key role in supporting both livelihoods and nutrition, particularly among poor households. Gender dynamics affect who is involved in and benefits from milk trading. To better understand gendered constraints and opportunities in informal, peri-urban dairy marketing, a qualitative study was conducted in 2017 with 45 men and 50 women milk traders in Dagoretti, a peri-urban area of Nairobi, Kenya. The findings show that milk trading is more lucrative for older men than for women and younger men among the respondents. This article illustrates the differences between these women’s and men’s experiences as milk traders and explores the reasons behind these differences. It discusses the implications of the findings for agricultural research and development interventions that aim to enhance the sustainability and equity of the dairy sector.
Kenya: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (258.3 KB)
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the increase occurring since February. There is wide variation across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent, and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, and the weighted average price of fertilizer has doubled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development partners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Does balancing gender composition lead to more prosocial outcomes? Experimental evidence of equality in public goods and extraction games from rural Kenya
Masuda, Yuta J.; Waterfield, Gina; Castilla, Carolina; Kang, Shiteng; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Masuda, Yuta J.; Waterfield, Gina; Castilla, Carolina; Kang, Shiteng; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
There is resurging interest in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) as an approach for achieving global biodiversity conservation goals. Yet, CBNRM remains dominated by men, elevating the importance of designing programs that give voice and agency to women. Arguments for increasing gender balance within CBNRM often assume women have strong preferences for equality and altruism and would therefore be better environmental stewards. Evidence on the effect of gender balance on commons management, however, remains mixed. We report on two framed field experimental games with community members directly engaged in the use and management of natural resources in rural Kenya. Participants were randomly assigned to single-gender (all male n = 23; all female n = 28) or mixed gender groups (n = 36) to assess the role of gender composition on group and individual decisions. The two games provide unique insights into the give (public good games) and take (extraction games) decisions common in natural resource management. We find mixed gender groups tend to achieve more socially optimal outcomes than single-gender groups in the public goods game context, but all male groups tended to conserve the most in the extraction game. Women are not necessarily more likely to make prosocial decisions than men, and factors such as framing and social relations affect decisions. Our results indicate gender composition affects group decision-making and is therefore important for commons management, and that mixed gender groups can be more effective than single-gender groups. Improving gender balance in CBNRM may help achieve more desirable outcomes from a social and conservation perspective but understanding decision-making contexts is critical.
Multistakeholder platforms for natural resource governance: Lessons from eight landscape-level cases
Ratner, Blake D.; Larson, Anne M.; Barletti, Juan Pablo Sarmiento; ElDidi, Hagar; Catacutan, Delia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2022
Ratner, Blake D.; Larson, Anne M.; Barletti, Juan Pablo Sarmiento; ElDidi, Hagar; Catacutan, Delia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Multistakeholder platforms (MSPs) are the subject of increasing attention and investment in the domain of collaborative natural resource governance, yet evidence-based guidance is slim on policy and investment priorities to leverage the MSP approach. We provide a comparative analysis of eight landscape-level MSPs spanning seven countries (Peru, Brazil, India, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and a cross-border case from Kenya and Somalia), representing a diversity of resource systems covering forests, rangelands, and multiuse agricultural landscapes. Applying an adapted social-ecological systems framework, our synthesis identifies the influence of these MSPs on patterns of stakeholder interaction and draws implications for the design and organization of MSPs that are both appropriate and effective. From the cases, we distill lessons addressing: (1) how to design an MSP in relation to the governance context, including the fit between institutional and ecological dimensions of the system and with attention to cross-scale linkages; (2) how to implement inclusive processes that address power inequities, including through capacity building and procedural rules; and (3) how to support adaptive learning to expand the MSP’s influence over time, including monitoring outcomes, adapting the scope of stakeholder engagement, and investing in MSP durability.
COVID-19 in rural Africa: Food access disruptions, food insecurity and coping strategies in Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Börner, Jan; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Börner, Jan; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
This study assesses the extent of COVID-19-related food insecurity in Kenya, Tanzania, and Namibia. Using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, we measure food insecurity in various dimensions and document several food access disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic between April and July 2020. Furthermore, we assess the association of COVID-19 countermeasures with the adoption of various strategies in line with the coping strategies index. We rely on a unique phone survey that followed households who participated in an earlier field-based survey. First, through Ordinary Least-Squares and Probit regressions, we show a strong and statistically significant association between COVID-19 countermeasures and food access disruptions and food insecurity in each of the three countries. We then use a multivariate probit regression model to understand the use of the various coping strategies, including reducing food intake, increasing food search, and relying more on less nutritious foods. We provide evidence on the complementarities and trade-offs in using these coping strategies. COVID-19 and related lockdown measures coincided with a deleterious increase in food insecurity in rural Africa.
Post-harvest losses in potato in Nyandarua County
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2022
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (594.5 KB)
Irish potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize (Kaguongo et al., 2014). Potato production in Kenya is expected to grow, as farmers are being encouraged both by climate shifts and by the government to diversify their production from reliance on maize. Many farmers are opting to grow potato because it is fast-maturing compared to maize and can be used to bridge the gap during shortages of the staple grain (ibid). However, significant barriers exist to more productive and profitable potato cultivation in East Africa, including low quality of seed potato, poor disease and soil fertility management, and high rates of post-harvest losses (Schulte-Geldermann, 2013). Average potato yields in Nyandarua County are 3-4 tonnes per acre per season, well below the 10 tonnes per hectare that can be realised by professional farmers using certified seed and sound agricultural practices (Kaguongo et al., 2014).
Post-harvest losses and food safety in tomatoes produced in Laikipia County
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2022
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (1.2 MB)
Kenya is one of the main producers of tomato within Africa south of the Sahara, with an estimated market value of USD 237 million as of 2012, most of which was produced for the national market (Sibomana et al., 2016). Within Laikipia, the total value of tomato production was estimated as 148.5 million KSh in 2014 (Ministry of Agriculture). Due to their softness and perishability, tomatoes have significant potential for both quality and quantity losses postharvest.
Milk product safety and household food hygiene influence bacterial contamination of infant food in peri-urban Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Sewell, Daniel K.; Tsai, Kevin; Cumming, Oliver; Mumma, Jane; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Sewell, Daniel K.; Tsai, Kevin; Cumming, Oliver; Mumma, Jane; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Background: Milk is a common infant food in peri-urban Kenya that can transmit diarrhea-causing enteric pathogens. Little is known about how contamination of milk at point of purchase and household handling of milk-based infant foods contribute to infant exposure to enteric pathogens.
Objective: To compare the prevalence and concentrations of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric pathogens in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase and assess the influence of the type of milk used to prepare infant food on contamination of this food.
Methods: Paired samples of purchased milk and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households in low-income neighborhoods in Kisumu, Kenya. Samples were cultured on selective media to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and Escherichia coli, with pathogens validated by PCR. Probability of detection of these bacteria was compared by milk product treatment and packaging method, and between milk at point of purchase vs. food at point of infant consumption.
Results: Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk at purchase. Presence of bacteria in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Prevalence of bacterial contamination and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk-based food but decreased in unpackaged milk-based food. Prevalence of the four fecal bacteria were similar in infant foods prepared with each type of milk.
Conclusion: Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of infants ingesting foods contaminated by diarrheal pathogens.
Objective: To compare the prevalence and concentrations of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric pathogens in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase and assess the influence of the type of milk used to prepare infant food on contamination of this food.
Methods: Paired samples of purchased milk and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households in low-income neighborhoods in Kisumu, Kenya. Samples were cultured on selective media to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and Escherichia coli, with pathogens validated by PCR. Probability of detection of these bacteria was compared by milk product treatment and packaging method, and between milk at point of purchase vs. food at point of infant consumption.
Results: Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk at purchase. Presence of bacteria in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Prevalence of bacterial contamination and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk-based food but decreased in unpackaged milk-based food. Prevalence of the four fecal bacteria were similar in infant foods prepared with each type of milk.
Conclusion: Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of infants ingesting foods contaminated by diarrheal pathogens.
Sustainable aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa
Ragasa, Catherine; Charo-Karisa, Harrison; Rurangwa, Eugene; Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Charo-Karisa, Harrison; Rurangwa, Eugene; Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Aquaculture must grow above the current rate of 11% per year to meet projected demand and reduce dependence on seafood imports. Government support and private investment are urgently needed for sustainable growth.
Women’s empowerment and COVID-19: A case study from Kenya
van Biljon, Chloe; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
van Biljon, Chloe; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (661.7 KB)
Research shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic varied greatly by country, class, race and gender (Pangborn & Rea, 2020). In this study we aim to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affected empowered and disempowered individuals differently. This policy note summarizes how income was affected by the pandemic, followed by an assessment of coping mechanisms with the crisis and their interactions with women’s empowerment.
Gendered impacts of COVID-19: Insights from 7 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2022
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (5 MB)
It is widely recognized that periods of crisis affect men and women differently, mediated by their access to resources and information, as well as social and institutional structures that may systematically disadvantage women from being able to access relief, institutional support, and rehabilitation. To capture the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, we conducted phone surveys in seven countries spread across Asia and Africa. The study was designed as a longitudinal panel study with five rounds of data collection in Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, and Senegal, and three rounds of data collection in Kenya, Niger, and Uganda. Both men and women were administered the same survey, with some modifications made across countries to adapt to local contexts. This report gives an overview of our findings covering several topics including income loss, coping strategies, labor and time use, food and water insecurity and child education outcomes. We find widespread reports of income loss, which declined over time, but increased again as countries experienced a resurgence in COVID-19 cases and fatality. We find that households first depleted savings when faced with income loss and over time, use of savings reduced while other measures began to be adopted. Women reported greater food and water insecurity compared to men, including worrying about insufficient food and eating less than usual. This is particularly worrying since a large proportion of women also did not have adequately diverse diets. Moderate to severe water insecurity was reported in many of the countries, and as with food insecurity, women were more likely to report issues with accessing water for drinking and other household activities. In some countries, additional modules were added to capture country specific issues of policy relevance, such agriculture extension, mental health, and child marriage. The results make it clear that proactive investments will be needed, including social safety nets, favorable credit policies, nutrition and water investments, to ensure that the crisis does not further widen the gender gap in resources and achievements in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries.
Selected country experiences during the pandemic: Policy responses and CGIAR support
Andam, Kwaw S.; Ezekannagha, Oluchi. Washington, DC 2022
Andam, Kwaw S.; Ezekannagha, Oluchi. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (185.2 KB)
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, CGIAR pivoted its research planning to better support countries as they responded to the crisis. Despite the unprecedented, highly disruptive nature of the pandemic, CGIAR’s collaborative country work has enhanced engagement across the agrifood sector, leveraged existing capacities, and improved awareness of vulnerabilities within value chains. The insights gained from this experience may ultimately prove useful in addressing other longstanding challenges as well. In this chapter, we recount selected country experiences during the pandemic and the response of the international agricultural research system to support these countries. In the section on country experiences, we draw from IFPRI’s COVID-19 Policy Response Portal (CPR) to focus on lockdown policies in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria. We describe the steps taken by governments in these countries to address challenges in the agrifood sector and provide social protection to the vulnerable.
Traceability of horticultural produce in Kenya: Situation and trajectory
Hoffmann, Vivian; Edewa, Andrew; Kimani, Virginia. Washington, DC 2019
Hoffmann, Vivian; Edewa, Andrew; Kimani, Virginia. Washington, DC 2019
Abstract | PDF (242.4 KB)
Traceability is the ability to track a product through all stages of production, processing and distribution (including importation and at retail). In the context of horticultural produce, if consumers become ill from the food they have eaten, or food is found to contain a harmful chemical, traceability allows this food to be traced from the shop where it was purchased, to the trader who delivered it, to the factory that processed or packed it, and ultimately to the farm where it was grown. In this way, the source of the problem can be identified, and corrective action can be taken [1]. While traceability does not itself guarantee food safety, it is considered a fundamental component of modern food safety systems.
In traceability systems, it is good practice to use unique codes to identify blocks of land, individual farms, farmer groups, intermediaries, packers and processors. Each crate of carrots, for example, has its own unique code. By entering this code into a database, one can see on which parcels of land the carrots were grown.
In traceability systems, it is good practice to use unique codes to identify blocks of land, individual farms, farmer groups, intermediaries, packers and processors. Each crate of carrots, for example, has its own unique code. By entering this code into a database, one can see on which parcels of land the carrots were grown.
Gender-inclusive, -responsive and -transformative agricultural insurance: A literature review
Timu, Anne G.; Kramer, Berber. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Timu, Anne G.; Kramer, Berber. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
This literature review uses a gender analysis framework proposed by Johnson et al. (2018) to explore the extent to which agricultural insurance reaches, benefits and empowers women and men. We find that most studies on gender and agricultural insurance focus on gender inclusivity by analyzing gender gaps in insurance reach and studying how to increase take-up among women. By contrast, limited attention has been paid to understanding gender equity in the distribution of insurance outcomes, that is, the extent to which insurance benefits and empowers women as much as men. We show that insurance programs can promote gender equity in benefits by providing quality insurance products that are beneficial to both men and women, and through long-term monitoring of individual outcomes measured within households using gender-disaggregated data. Insurance programs can support gender empowerment by ensuring that contracts purchased by women are registered under their names and payouts are subsequently paid to their accounts, by bundling insurance with empowerment programs, and by preserving and promoting informal mutual assistance group activities and membership. We then draw on a case study in Kenya to illustrate how this framework can be applied to design more gender-inclusive, -responsive and -transformative insurance schemes.
Bacteroides microbial source tracking markers perform poorly in predicting Enterobacteriaceae and enteric pathogen contamination of cow milk products and milk-containing infant food
Tsai, Kevin; Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Cumming, Oliver; Borsay, Glorie; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Tsai, Kevin; Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Cumming, Oliver; Borsay, Glorie; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Consumption of microbiologically contaminated food is one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases. Understanding the source of enteric pathogens in food is important to guide effective interventions. Enterobacteriaceae bacterial assays typically used to assess food safety do not shed light on the source. Source-specific Bacteroides microbial source tracking (MST) markers have been proposed as alternative indicators for water fecal contamination assessment but have not been evaluated as an alternative fecal indicator in animal-derived foods. This study tested various milk products collected from vendors in urban Kenyan communities and infant foods made with the milk (n = 394 pairs) using conventional culture methods and TaqMan qPCR for enteric pathogens and human and bovine-sourced MST markers. Detection profiles of various enteric pathogens and Bacteroides MST markers in milk products differed from that of milk-containing infant foods. MST markers were more frequently detected in infant food prepared by caregivers, indicating recent contamination events were more likely to occur during food preparation at home. However, Bacteroides MST markers had lower sensitivity in detecting enteric pathogens in food than traditional Enterobacteriaceae indicators. Bacteroides MST markers tested in this study were not associated with the detection of culturable Salmonella enterica and Shigella sonnei in milk products or milk-containing infant food. The findings show that while Bacteroides MST markers could provide valuable information about how foods become contaminated, they may not be suitable for predicting the origin of the enteric pathogen contamination sources.
Gender and seed entrepreneurism: Case studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania
Gumucio, Tatiana; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine; Pyburn, Rhiannon; Galie, Alessandra; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Jumba, Humphrey; Nimorme, Eva; Omondi, Inmaculate; Sufian, Farha D.. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Gumucio, Tatiana; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine; Pyburn, Rhiannon; Galie, Alessandra; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Jumba, Humphrey; Nimorme, Eva; Omondi, Inmaculate; Sufian, Farha D.. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Our paper seeks to identify factors that inhibit and promote women’s success in seed businesses, through three case studies of women’s and men’s entrepreneurship across varying seed-related value chains and country contexts in Africa south of the Sahara. The cases include chicken seed dissemination in Ethiopia and Tanzania, tilapia seed production in Ghana, and marketing and trading of improved maize and sorghum seeds in Kenya. Applying a gender lens, we use qualitative methods to analyze women’s and men’s motivations to engage in seed businesses, the challenges they confront to start and succeed, and prospects for sustainability and continued success. We also use quantitative data to characterize the levels of empowerment of the entrepreneurs sampled. Results show that time flexibility and profitability of the business can be important considerations for women’s engagement in seed entrepreneurship, and the social normative context of the sector is also critical. Furthermore, outside support can be a key factor influencing women’s seed entrepreneurship, per the Kenya case.
Ecological shocks and non-cognitive skills: Evidence from Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Non-cognitive skills such as locus of control (LOC) and self-efficacy have been theoretically shown to influence behavioural and economic decision-making. While this effect has been confirmed empirically, the factors that can induce change in non-cognitive skills are not yet fully understood. Examining exogenous variation in the spread of invasive species, this study investigates the association between an ecological shock and non-cognitive skills through a survey of smallholder households in Baringo county Kenya. The results show an adverse relationship between ecological shocks and LOC. Individuals are less likely to believe that they have control over outcomes in their lives when faced with shocks. The study also demonstrates a negative association of shocks with self-efficacy which is related to the perceived judgement of capability. In addition to robustness to alternative specifications and the inclusion of additional relevant controls, we establish that the results are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. We find further suggestive evidence indicating that ecological shocks lead to economic adversity, which may well explain reductions in individuals' perceptions of capability and the extent of convictions regarding control over their lives. Overall, ecological shocks diminish perceived LOC and self-efficacy, with associated policy implications for poverty reduction.
Unit root tests: Common pitfalls and best practices
Traore, Fousseini; Diop, Insa. Washington, DC 2022
Traore, Fousseini; Diop, Insa. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | PDF (657.8 KB)
Since the seminal paper by Granger and Newbold (1974) on spurious regressions, applied econometricians have become aware of the consequences of unit roots in empirical analysis with time series data. Yet one can still find many published papers with unit root tests implemented in an inappropriate way. The objective of this Technical Note is to highlight the common pitfalls and best practices when testing for unit roots. In addition to the theoretical discussion, we provide examples using price data from Kenya, Mali, Togo, and South Africa to illustrate the procedures we think are worth following.
Climate-smart crop insurance to promote adoption of stress-tolerant seeds: Midterm findings from a cluster randomized trial
Cecchi, Francesco; Chegeh, Joseph; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Kivuva, Benjamin; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2021
Cecchi, Francesco; Chegeh, Joseph; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Kivuva, Benjamin; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (531 KB)
Too often, smallholder farmers suffer severe financial consequences from extreme weather events, pests, and disease; and climate change will increase the frequency at which natural hazards occur. This poses a threat to livelihoods not only ex post, by reducing agricultural output and inducing farmers to sell their assets, keep children out of school or borrow at high rates; but also ex ante, by discouraging farmers from investing in high-return practices and technologies (Elbers et al., 2007). Innovative solutions are needed to help marginalized farmers prepare for these natural hazards.
One solution, building upon decades of agricultural research for development, can be found in the breeding of crop varieties that are more tolerant to weather shocks, pests and disease. The resulting improvements in seed technology offer promising pathways to improve farmers’ adaptive capacity, crowd in investments in agriculture, and thereby enhance agricultural productivity (Emerick et al., 2016).
At the same time, stress tolerance is not a bullet-proof solution against all hazards. Farming is risky by nature, and improved stress-tolerant varieties will not shield farmers from more severe hazards, or from risks for which stress tolerance was not an explicit breeding objective. Drought-tolerant varieties are, for instance, not necessarily disease tolerant as well. Improving resilience in the face of climate change will require a more complete solution, in which farmers invest in stress-tolerant varieties to reduce their exposure to moderate, manageable risks, whilst accessing other types of solutions, including financial services, to protect their livelihoods from more severe and catastrophic production risks.
This project note describes the findings from a research program in Kenya that aims to design, implement, and evaluate more complete risk management solutions; in particular, a solution that promotes stress-tolerant crops and varieties using an innovative picture-based crop insurance (PBI) product. The note first describes this intervention and the study designed to measure its impacts, followed by an overview of key findings at midline. This will include insights on the scalability of picture-based claims settlement, opportunities for more gender-responsive program design, and demand for the insurance product. We conclude by describing key challenges faced whilst implementing these solutions and providing an outlook for the future.
One solution, building upon decades of agricultural research for development, can be found in the breeding of crop varieties that are more tolerant to weather shocks, pests and disease. The resulting improvements in seed technology offer promising pathways to improve farmers’ adaptive capacity, crowd in investments in agriculture, and thereby enhance agricultural productivity (Emerick et al., 2016).
At the same time, stress tolerance is not a bullet-proof solution against all hazards. Farming is risky by nature, and improved stress-tolerant varieties will not shield farmers from more severe hazards, or from risks for which stress tolerance was not an explicit breeding objective. Drought-tolerant varieties are, for instance, not necessarily disease tolerant as well. Improving resilience in the face of climate change will require a more complete solution, in which farmers invest in stress-tolerant varieties to reduce their exposure to moderate, manageable risks, whilst accessing other types of solutions, including financial services, to protect their livelihoods from more severe and catastrophic production risks.
This project note describes the findings from a research program in Kenya that aims to design, implement, and evaluate more complete risk management solutions; in particular, a solution that promotes stress-tolerant crops and varieties using an innovative picture-based crop insurance (PBI) product. The note first describes this intervention and the study designed to measure its impacts, followed by an overview of key findings at midline. This will include insights on the scalability of picture-based claims settlement, opportunities for more gender-responsive program design, and demand for the insurance product. We conclude by describing key challenges faced whilst implementing these solutions and providing an outlook for the future.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in Kenya
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
The first wave of COVID-19 cases occurred between June and August 2020. A second wave occurred between October and December 2020 and by the end of December 2020, the number of COVID-19 cases was 92 459. The third rise in cases occurred between January and March of 2021 and partial lockdowns were reimposed in the most affected counties of the country, including mobility restrictions and curfews. This brief releases data on the gender impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural households/livelihoods and the agricultural sector in Kenya.
Action on invasive species: Control strategies of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on smallholder farms in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alvarez, Miguel; Ihli, Hanna J.; Becker, Mathias; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alvarez, Miguel; Ihli, Hanna J.; Becker, Mathias; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) is an invasive alien weed with detrimental effects on agricultural production, biodiversity, human and animal health, threating rural livelihoods in Asia and Africa. The problem emerged recently in the Kenyan Rift Valley, where it began to affect the landholdings of both agro-pastoralists and crop farmers. These vulnerable smallholders depend heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods. In this study, we assessed the severity of parthenium invasion and farmers’ management responses using a sample of 530 agro-pastoralists in Baringo County, Kenya, in 2019. We hypothesise that the implementation of existing management strategies depends on the state of parthenium invasion and household socio-economic characteristics. The prevalence and severity of parthenium invasion differed greatly among field plots. To control weeds, farmers resort to either hand weeding, the use of synthetic herbicides, or intensive tillage, sometimes in combination with mulching. A multivariate probit regression model shows that households’ characteristics determine the type of control strategies used as well as their complementarity and substitutability. Hand weeding is the most common option, adopted by almost 40% of farmers. The use of agrochemicals or soil-based control strategies appears to be related to knowledge and information characteristics such as access to extension services, membership in organisations and the educational level of household heads. While hand weeding and the use of synthetic herbicides depict significant substitutability, the latter strategy is limited to a few larger farms with market-oriented production. As parthenium invasion continues, policies need to improve farmer awareness and access to knowledge to enable pro-poor and environmentally sustainable control of parthenium on smallholder farms.
Adoption and impacts of small-scale irrigation in Kenya’s maize-based farm households
Adhikari, Roshan; Antle, John M.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
Adhikari, Roshan; Antle, John M.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
Can information drive demand for safer food? Impact of brand-specific recommendations and test results on product choice
Wairimu Kariuki, Sarah; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2022
Wairimu Kariuki, Sarah; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
As an unobservable attribute, food safety is likely to be under-provided by markets where regulatory enforcement is weak. In such settings, stimulating consumer demand for safer food can potentially encourage market actors to invest in food safety. Through a randomized trial in Kenya, we test the impact of informing consumers about which maize flour brands are most likely to comply with the regulatory standard for aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal byproduct. Providing information on safer brands alone does not significantly affect consumption behavior. However, when the same information is combined with a test performed on the maize flour stocked by the household, the likelihood that a safer brand is consumed 2 months later is 76% higher than in the comparison group. Our findings suggest that providing information on the relative riskiness of substitute foods could encourage consumers to make safer choices.
2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Kenya: A Nexus Project SAM
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF
The 2019 Kenya Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
Kenya commodity price report - September 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (596.8 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - June 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (488.8 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - July 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (492.8 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - August 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (615 KB)
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Supermarket contracts, opportunity cost and trade-offs, and farm household welfare: Panel data evidence from Kenya
Ochieng, Dennis O.; Ogutu, Sylvester O.. 2022
Ochieng, Dennis O.; Ogutu, Sylvester O.. 2022
Food insecurity and COVID-19 risk in low- and middle-income countries
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen A.; Rabbani, Atonu; Navia, Bianca; Ngunjiri, Anne S. W.; Wu, Nicole. 2022
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen A.; Rabbani, Atonu; Navia, Bianca; Ngunjiri, Anne S. W.; Wu, Nicole. 2022
Abstract | Link (37 B)
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted social distancing, workplace closures, and restrictions on mobility and trade that had cascading effects on economic activity, food prices, and employment in low- and middle-income countries. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria covering a period from October 2020 to April 2021, the paper assesses whether knowledge of a person infected with COVID-19 is associated with food insecurity, job loss and business closures, and coping strategies to smooth consumption. The likelihood of households to experience food insecurity at the extensive and intensive margins increased among those who knew an infected person in Bangladesh and Kenya.
Motivating farmers' market-oriented production: Smallholder horticulture empowerment and promotion approach in Kenya
Mwangi, Maina; Shuto, Kumiko; Mwangi, Peter; Mburu, Mercy; Mburugu, Sylvia. Rome, Italy 2021
Mwangi, Maina; Shuto, Kumiko; Mwangi, Peter; Mburu, Mercy; Mburugu, Sylvia. Rome, Italy 2021
Abstract | PDF (8.8 MB)
Investing in farmers – or agriculture human capital – is crucial to addressing challenges in our agri-food systems. A global study carried out by the FAO Investment Centre and the International Food Policy Research Institute, with support from the CGIAR Research Programme on Policies, Institutions and Markets and the FAO Research and Extension Unit, looks at agriculture human capital investments, from trends to promising initiatives. One of the nine featured case studies is Kenya’s Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment and Promotion Approach, which provides technical and soft skills based on the theory of self-determination. The training has influenced farmers to change their mindsets and behaviour towards market-oriented horticulture. In addition, most farmers gained confidence in applying the skills acquired, which resulted in improved production and marketing and increased incomes. The approach was found to be effective in developing human capital and is therefore recommended for use in smallholder horticulture production systems or enterprises. This publication is part of the Country Investment Highlights series under the FAO Investment Centre's Knowledge for Investment (K4I) programme.
Staying afloat in the milk business: Borrowing and selling on credit among informal milk vendors in Nairobi
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Galiè, Alessandra; Njiru, Nelly; Alonso, Silvia. Washington, DC 2021
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Galiè, Alessandra; Njiru, Nelly; Alonso, Silvia. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (686.5 KB)
Studies on credit schemes for small-scale entrepreneurs have documented their potential to alleviate poverty and improve food security, nutrition, and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Other studies find mixed impacts of credit schemes on reducing income inequality, empowering women, and enhancing children’s education. Moreover, growing evidence finds that entrepreneurs offer credit to customers; little is known about what this practice means for entrepreneurs, and even less about gendered differences in this practice. Herein, we consider the case of final retailers in agricultural value chains and examine how male and female informal milk vendors from peri-urban Nairobi borrow and sell on credit, and how these experiences affect their businesses where there are few formal safeguards to ensure repayment. In 2017, we conducted 49 individual interviews, four key informant interviews, and six focus groups with men and women who were current or former milk vendors. A thematic analysis revealed that vendors sell on credit to appeal to customers, which may be advantageous when vendors need to rid themselves of milk before it spoils, regardless of gender. With few strategies to recoup costs from customers who fail to repay, however, failure to collect debt may cause default for vendors who acquired milk via informal borrowing. The consequences are likely more severe for women vendors, who generally have less capital to fall back on relative to men. Development organizations should identify gender-sensitive financial services that can help entrepreneurs maintain viable businesses despite the volatility of borrowing and selling on credit.
Social dimensions of Weather Index Insurance in reaching marginal stakeholders: Lessons from Asia and Africa: Webinar summary report
Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Barua, Anamika. Colombo, Sri Lanka 2021
Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Barua, Anamika. Colombo, Sri Lanka 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Climate change will have an impact on natural resources, water being one of them, affecting the availability of water including increasing the intensity of floods and droughts. It is also a known fact that the impact of natural hazards is felt more in developing countries compared to developed countries and especially by vulnerable and marginalised groups within communities. Such groups are more at risk due to their greater exposure (e.g. cultivation on low-lying land) and poor capacity to adapt (e.g. less access to irrigation and financial assets- poor literacy and agency) and hence lower resilience. This is compounded by the fact that financial support from the government is not readily available in many developing countries for all losses.
A new model for inclusive seed delivery: Lessons from a pilot study in Kenya: Leveraging champion farmers’ entrepreneurial know-how to reach the last mile
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Waithaka, Lilian; Eyase, Jean; Chegeh, Joseph; Kivuva, Benjamin; Cecchi, Francesco. Washington, DC 2021
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Waithaka, Lilian; Eyase, Jean; Chegeh, Joseph; Kivuva, Benjamin; Cecchi, Francesco. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (327.8 KB)
Climate change has exacerbated the frequency and severity of extreme weather events affecting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers across Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks such as increased droughts, pests, floods, and heatwaves are projected to increase significantly in future years. The formal seed sector is an important entry point to help farmers better manage these risks, as it provides access to high-quality certified seeds of improved stress-tolerant varieties, selected and bred to maximize productivity in good years, whilst reducing the impact of climate change risks in bad years. The challenge, however, is that the formal market is not always inclusive and is more accessible to middle- or largescale (and often male) farmers. Smaller farmers (often female) are more likely to obtain seeds from informal sources (friends or peers) or collect their own seeds from the crops they grow. This creates social inequities in distribution channels for quality seeds; and in qualitative research, farmers informed us that the COVID-19 pandemic has further restricted their access to inputs.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in Kenya
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (324.3 KB)
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Kenyan government declared a nationwide dusk to dawn curfew in March 2020 that was lifted in large parts later in the year, followed by off-and-on reinstatements of curfews and limitations on mobility largely for the capital region. The government also banned religious and other public gatherings and encouraged people to work from home and practice social distancing. The government has extended social protection programs, including public works programs and stipends and cash transfers, which are often targeted to women and single parent households and other vulnerable members of society to support them through the pandemic.
Regulatory options to improve seed systems for vegetatively propagated crops in developing countries
Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy. Washington, DC 2021
Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (757.2 KB)
In many developing countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield of and returns on VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulatory initiatives designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem is the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops, which dominate narratives on seed system reforms. Drawing on qualitative analysis of policy and practice, this study examines reform options related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The study highlights theory and evidence on existing models of regulation; alternative models that may better incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution; and recommendations for policy, regulation, and investment in VPC seed markets. Findings indicate that regulations designed around strict and centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. These findings suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate internal (producer-level) quality assurance with external (regulatory) quality assurance.
Plant genetic resources for agriculture, plant breeding, and biotechnology
Falck-Zepeda, Jose´ Benjamin; Zambrano, Patricia; Cohen, Joel I.; Borges, Orangel; Guimarães, Elcio P.; Hautea, Desiree; Kengue, Joseph; Songa, Josephine. Washington, D.C. 2008
Falck-Zepeda, Jose´ Benjamin; Zambrano, Patricia; Cohen, Joel I.; Borges, Orangel; Guimarães, Elcio P.; Hautea, Desiree; Kengue, Joseph; Songa, Josephine. Washington, D.C. 2008
Abstract | PDF
"Local farming communities throughout the world face binding productivity constraints, diverse nutritional needs, environmental concerns, and significant economic and financial pressures. Developing countries address these challenges in different ways, including public and private sector investments in plant breeding and other modern tools for genetic crop improvement. In order to measure the impact of any technology and prioritize investments, we must assess the relevant resources, human capacity, clusters, networks and linkages, as well as the institutions performing technological research and development, and the rate of farmer adoption. However, such measures have not been recently assessed, in part due to the lack of complete standardized information on public plant breeding and biotechnology research in developing countries. To tackle this void, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in consultation with the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) and other organizations, designed a plant breeding and biotechnology capacity survey for implementation by FAO consultants in 100 developing countries. IFPRI, in collaboration with FAO and national experts contracted by FAO to complete in-country surveys, identified and analyzed plant breeding and biotechnology programs in four developing countries: Cameroon, Kenya, the Philippines, and Venezuela. Here, we use an innovation systems framework to examine the investments in human and financial resources and the distribution of resources among the different programs, as well as the capacity and policy development for agricultural research in the four selected countries. Based on our findings, we present recommendations to help sustain and increase the efficiency of publicly- and privately-funded plant breeding programs, while maximizing the use of genetic resources and developing opportunities for GM crop production. Policy makers, private sector breeders, and other stakeholders can use this information to prioritize investments, consider product advancement, and assess the relative magnitude of the potential risks and benefits of their investments." -- from Author's Abstract
Improving food safety on the farm: Experimental evidence from Kenya on incentives and subsidies for technology adoption
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.. 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Evidence is emerging that foodborne illness accounts for a staggering health burden in developing countries. However, standard approaches used by developed country governments to ensure food safety are not appropriate in settings where regulatory enforcement capacity is weak and most firms are small and informal. Using a randomized field experiment, we test the impacts of subsidies and a price premium for safer produce on farmer adoption of technologies that improve food safety. We find that the food safety practices of farmers who produce maize for sale are inferior to those of farmers who produce maize only for household consumption, but that both a price incentive and technology subsidies can partially close this gap. We combine our experimental adoption results with prior evidence on the efficacy of the technologies studied to simulate the public health impacts of alternative policies. Our simulations show that interventions to reduce aflatoxin exposure are likely to be cost-effective based on averted poisoning deaths and cancer cases alone. Potential impacts on stunting, which are not as well established and more difficult to value, would imply additional health benefits. Of the policy options considered, providing training and plastic drying sheets to farmers free of charge is the most cost-effective.
On the power of microwave communication data to monitor rain for agricultural needs in Africa
David, Noam; Liu, Yanyan; Kumah, Kingsley K.; Hoedjes, Joost C. B.; Su, Bob Z.; Gao, H. Oliver. 2021
David, Noam; Liu, Yanyan; Kumah, Kingsley K.; Hoedjes, Joost C. B.; Su, Bob Z.; Gao, H. Oliver. 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Over the last two decades, prevalent technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) systems have been found to have potential for carrying out environmental monitoring. The data generated from these infrastructures are readily available and have the potential to provide massive spatial coverage. The costs involved in using these data are minimal since the records are already generated for the original uses of these systems. Commercial microwave links, which provide the underlying framework for data transfer between cellular network base stations, are one example of such a system and have been found useful for monitoring rainfall. Wireless infrastructure of this kind is deployed widely by communication providers across Africa and can thus be used as a rainfall monitoring device to complement the sparse proprietary resources that currently exist or to substitute for them where alternatives do not exist. Here we focus this approach’s potential to acquire valuable information required for agricultural needs across Africa using Kenya as an example.
Exploring the regulatory space for improving availability, access and quality of vegetatively propagated crop seed: Potato in Kenya
McEwan, Margaret A.; Spielman, David J.; Okello, Julius J.; Hareau, Guy; Bartle, Brian. Lima, Peru 2021
McEwan, Margaret A.; Spielman, David J.; Okello, Julius J.; Hareau, Guy; Bartle, Brian. Lima, Peru 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Potato ranks second staple food crop in Kenya. The Government seeks rapid yield growth in the potato subsector, however with only 2% of potato seed planted currently certified there is a persistent shortage of quality seed. There is no consensus on an appropriate model for quality seed assurance which can ensure increased availability and access to quality seed by smallholder farmers, while minimizing risk of spread of plant diseases. This study addressed the question of whether the current seed regulatory framework in Kenya and its implementation meets the need for increased availability and access to quality seed potato, for who, and with what consequences? Secondary data and policy analysis were complemented by semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions involving 72 stakeholders from public, private and civil society conducted in the major potato production areas, and at national level. Our findings show a range of different actors have different and sometimes conflicting interests. Seed potato needs to be produced on a large-scale with enough land and resources to meet rotation and isolation standards and inspection costs. However, this has implications for equitable participation in the seed potato industry. Current regulatory and inspection procedures are perceived by small-scale seed producers as policing rather than facilitating quality seed production. This highlights
compromises between achieving short term food security and managing risk of spread of plant diseases. The feasibility of different approaches to manage bacterial wilt and potato cyst nematode are discussed with implications for different scales of seed production. Several policy options are reviewed, with their trade-offs, emphasising the need to for inclusive stakeholder consultations to negotiate towards a common interest space.
compromises between achieving short term food security and managing risk of spread of plant diseases. The feasibility of different approaches to manage bacterial wilt and potato cyst nematode are discussed with implications for different scales of seed production. Several policy options are reviewed, with their trade-offs, emphasising the need to for inclusive stakeholder consultations to negotiate towards a common interest space.
Assessing the risk of COVID-19 in Kenya
Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Quabili, Wahid. Washington, DC 2021
Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Quabili, Wahid. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (376 KB)
As COVID-19 vaccines are becoming available, governments will need to assess the number and location of the most vulnerable people within their populations. However, problematically, tracking data for most low- and middle-income countries are only available at the national level. To support the COVID-19 relief effort, the Gender, Climate Change, and Nutrition Integration Initiative (GCAN) was commissioned to develop a subnational dataset of key COVID-19 risk indicators and potential risk hotspots.
Assessing the risk of COVID-19 in Feed the Future countries
Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Quabili, Wahid. Washington, DC 2021
Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Quabili, Wahid. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | PDF (1.3 MB)
In anticipation of the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine—the distribution of which will be a complex and sensitive issue—governments will need to assess the number and location of the most vulnerable people within their populations. Problematically, however, tracking data for most low- and middle-income countries are only available at the national level. The most widely used dataset by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (Dong, Du, and Gardner 2020), for example, does not include subnational data for Feed the Future’s 12 target countries in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) and South Asia: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Kenya, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, and Uganda. For this reason, the Gender, Climate Change, and Nutrition Integration Initiative (GCAN) was commissioned to correlate Demographic and Health Survey data from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) with geospatial data in order to develop a subnational dataset of key COVID-19 risk indicators based on which potential risk hotspots were identified. This policy note summarizes the study’s analysis in the 12 Feed the Future countries and across subnational administrative units within each country.
Gender-inclusive governance of “self-help” groups in rural Kenya
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Birner, Regina; Odoyo, Elizabeth Auma Okiri; Oyunga, Mary Anyango; Okoba, Barrack; Okello, George Otiep. Washington, DC 2020
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Birner, Regina; Odoyo, Elizabeth Auma Okiri; Oyunga, Mary Anyango; Okoba, Barrack; Okello, George Otiep. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (508.9 KB)
There is vast literature on groups as a useful mechanism for rural development, especially for women. However, for group participation to fulfil on potential benefits to women, gender-specific constraints must be addressed. This study examines how to promote gender-inclusive governance of mixed-sex self-help groups in the African context, analysing twenty mixed-sex focus group discussions with 190 group members in rural western Kenya. Emphasizing group member perceptions and beliefs about participation and governance, we undertake an empirical assessment of institutional factors that explain and facilitate effective participation of female members. We find that group-member endowments impact the group’s interpretation in terms of their understanding of gender issues and political processes, and that the pro-gender intentions behind governance structures are more important than the structures themselves. Furthermore, groups in this context serve as a distinct parallel institution to that of the home that enable them to push the boundaries of community gender norms.
Post-harvest losses in potato in Nyandarua county
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2020
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (2.5 MB)
Irish potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize (Kaguongo et al., 2014). Potato production in Kenya is expected to grow, as farmers are being encouraged both by climate shifts and by the government to diversify their production from reliance on maize. Many farmers are opting to grow potato because it is fast-maturing compared to maize and can be used to bridge the gap during shortages of the staple grain (ibid). However, significant barriers exist to more productive and profitable potato cultivation in East Africa, including low quality of seed potato, poor disease and soil fertility management, and high rates of post-harvest losses (SchulteGeldermann, 2013). Average potato yields in Nyandarua County are 3-4 tonnes per acre per season, well below the 10 tonnes per hectare that can be realised by professional farmers using certified seed and sound agricultural practices (Kaguongo et al., 2014).
Foodborne disease in Kenya: County-level cost estimates and the case for greater public investment
Hoffmann, Vivian; Baral, Siddhartha. Washington, DC 2020
Hoffmann, Vivian; Baral, Siddhartha. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (1.8 MB)
The right to safe food is enshrined in the Kenyan constitution. Through their jurisdiction over matters of agriculture – specifically crop and animal husbandry, abattoirs, and veterinary services – and health, including the licensing and control of undertakings that sell food to the public, county governments in Kenya have a critical role to play in meeting this obligation to their citizens.
Food safety in tomatoes produced in Laikipia county
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2020
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (202.2 KB)
Kenya is one of the main producers of tomato within Africa south of the Sahara, with an estimated market value of USD 237 million as of 2012. Tomatoes are vulnerable to a number of pests. As a result, pesticides are commonly applied to tomato in Kenya. The fleshy nature of tomato means that chemicals can easily soak into the edible part of the crop, leading to potentially high residual levels of pesticides.
How mobile phone towers could help monitor rainfall in developing countries
David, Noam; Gao, H. Oliver; Liu, Yanyan. 2020
David, Noam; Gao, H. Oliver; Liu, Yanyan. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Many developing economies suffer from a lack of reliable rainfall measurements due to a lack of funds and a shortage of equipment – such as gauges and radars. Even if countries are equipped with these monitoring instruments, they all have limitations.
Strengthening coordination among extension service providers for improved provision of agricultural extension and advisory services: A case study from Kenya
Lamm, Kevan W.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Nahdy, Silim. 2020
Lamm, Kevan W.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Nahdy, Silim. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Implementation of decentralized and pluralistic policies in provision of extension services has led to increased availability of actors providing extension services to farmers in most developing countries including Kenya. What is unique about extension services providers is that they have a shared goal of improving agricultural productivity. However, in some cases these providers differ in their knowledge regarding the practices or knowledge that is required to improve agricultural productivity. Lack of shared knowledge among providers has contributed to delivery of uncoordinated and duplication of efforts thereby limiting the effectiveness of efforts in extension services delivery. Moreover, in some cases lack of shared knowledge has contributed towards provision of conflicting information which has left farmers confused. Enhancing coordination and collaboration among these representatives is of paramount importance if their efforts to improve agricultural productivity are to be successful. Having structures in place that bring together organizations that have shared goals is an important step in facilitating coordination. This is based on findings of a case study that was conducted in Kenya with the Kenyan Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (KeFAAS). The results of the study provide insights that can be used as a starting point when strengthening coordination in extension services delivery in decentralized and pluralistic environments.
Evolution of agricultural mechanization in Kenya
De Groote, Hugo; Marangu, Cliff; Gitonga, Zachary M.. Washington, DC 2020
De Groote, Hugo; Marangu, Cliff; Gitonga, Zachary M.. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (772.3 KB)
Agricultural intensification is key to feed the rapidly increasing African population. Although the use of improved varieties has increased substantially over the last 20 years, the use of land- and labor-saving technologies, such as mechanization, has lagged behind. This study reviews existing literature and uses four household surveys conducted between 1992 and 2012 to analyze the evolution of agricultural mechanization in Kenya. The results show persistently low levels of mechanization in Kenya; in 2012, most farm households still used only hand tools. More than a quarter of farmers (28 percent) had a plow, but very few (2 percent) had a tractor. From 1992 to 2012, the percentage of farmers with oxen increased from 17 percent to 33 percent, but those with tractors decreased from 5 percent to 2 percent. Tractors were most important in the highlands, whereas animal traction was most important in the dry areas and moist mid-altitude zone. Adoption of tractors increased with income, acreage, and age. Adoption of animal traction increased with absentee husbands, age, sales of maize, livestock, family size, and access to extension; it decreased with land, fertilizer use, and income. Mechanization in Kenya is likely to continue to depend on animal traction, which is not linked to farm size, complements labor, helps to reduce fertilizer use, increases commercial maize production, and has room to grow—particularly in the highlands. Agricultural extension, development projects, and research should consider the opportunities in animal traction and provide training and research on appropriate technologies in areas with sufficient land area.
An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia?
Diao, Xinshen, ed.; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. ed.; Zhang, Xiaobo, ed.. Washington, DC 2020
Diao, Xinshen, ed.; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. ed.; Zhang, Xiaobo, ed.. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (12.7 MB)
Agricultural mechanization in Africa south of the Sahara — especially for small farms and businesses — requires a new paradigm to meet the needs of the continent’s evolving farming systems. Can Asia, with its recent success in adopting mechanization, offer a model for Africa? An Evolving Paradigm of Agricultural Mechanization Development analyzes the experiences of eight Asian and five African countries. The authors explore crucial government roles in boosting and supporting mechanization, from import policies to promotion policies to public good policies. Potential approaches presented to facilitating mechanization in Africa include prioritizing market-led hiring services, eliminating distortions, and developing appropriate technologies for the African context. The role of agricultural mechanization within overall agricultural and rural transformation strategies in Africa is also discussed. The book’s recommendations and insights should be useful to national policymakers and the development community, who can adapt this knowledge to local contexts and use it as a foundation for further research.
An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? Synopsis
Diao, Xinshen, ed.; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. ed.; Zhang, Xiaobo, ed.. Washington, DC 2020
Diao, Xinshen, ed.; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. ed.; Zhang, Xiaobo, ed.. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (187.7 KB)
Agricultural mechanization in Africa south of the Sahara — especially for small farms and businesses — requires a new paradigm to meet the needs of the continent’s evolving farming systems. Can Asia, with its recent success in adopting mechanization, offer a model for Africa? An Evolving Paradigm of Agricultural Mechanization Development analyzes the experiences of eight Asian and five African countries. The authors explore crucial government roles in boosting and supporting mechanization, from import policies to promotion policies to public good policies. Potential approaches presented to facilitating mechanization in Africa include prioritizing market-led hiring services, eliminating distortions, and developing appropriate technologies for the African context. The role of agricultural mechanization within overall agricultural and rural transformation strategies in Africa is also discussed. The book’s recommendations and insights should be useful to national policymakers and the development community, who can adapt this knowledge to local contexts and use it as a foundation for further research.
An evolving paradigm for Africa and synthesis of the lessons from Asia
Diao, Xinshen; Silver, Jed; Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zhang, Xiaobo. Washington, DC 2020
Diao, Xinshen; Silver, Jed; Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zhang, Xiaobo. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (596.8 KB)
Africa has experienced a paradigm shift in mechanization in the past three decades. The “new paradigm” has also given rise to new challenges and policy issues. By synthesizing the recent experiences in African and Asian countries, this chapter draws lessons from Asia and Africa under this new African paradigm. In doing so, the chapter first lays out the guiding theoretical framework used in 1987 by Pingali, Bigot, and Binswanger (PBB), based on the literature on farming systems evolution and induced technological change. The chapter then describes the “new paradigm,” which builds on PBB but also integrates the additional dimension of market failures associated, on the supply side, with custom hiring services, which have become the most common mode of mechanization among smallholders in developing countries. Applying this expanded framework, the chapter then reviews the Asian experience first. It highlights how mechanization has grown in the continent, having largely avoided supply-side market failures, thanks to several factors: smaller machine sizes;1 increased opportunities for multifunctional uses of machines; more secure land tenures that allow integration with formal credit markets; and the supportive, rather than distortive, nature of government subsidy policies. The chapter then turns to the experiences in Africa south of the Sahara (“Africa” hereafter) and highlights the emerging patterns of spatial variations in demand that are still largely consistent with the PBB framework. However, the chapter also stresses that market failures associated with custom hiring services on the supply side are substantial due to features unique to Africa, including the dominant types of large tractors, in addition to higher financial constraints on tractor ownership resulting from lack of secure land tenures and weak penetration of formal credit markets, as well as other barriers due to limited multifunctionality, lack of migratory services due to insufficient infrastructure and coordination failures, and insufficient technologies complementary to mechanization. Based on country experiences in Asia and Africa, the chapter also highlights key government policies that have not always been successful, including import restrictions (or removal thereof), inefficient technology and skill promotion, and insufficient provision of public goods. Last, given the country experiences and the identified appropriate roles of governments, the chapter concludes by describing the key lessons that are important for Africa’s mechanization pathway forward, including (1) understanding the emerging nature of demand, (2) actively promoting private hiring services, (3) eliminating or reducing distortions, and (4) prioritizing the mechanization technologies appropriate for African contexts.
Uptake of insurance-embedded credit in presence of credit rationing: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Kenya
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. 2020
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. 2020
Lessons learned on scaling Aflasafe® through commercialization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Konlambigue, Matieyedou; Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Shanks, Tracy; Landreth, Edward; Jacob, Oscar. Washington, DC 2020
Konlambigue, Matieyedou; Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Shanks, Tracy; Landreth, Edward; Jacob, Oscar. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (412.3 KB)
Aflatoxin contamination of several crops is common in tropical and subtropical regions. Maize and groundnut, staples for billions of people, are among the most susceptible to contamination, primarily caused by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Globally, an estimated 25 percent of aflatoxin-prone crops are contaminated with aflatoxins and/or other mycotoxins. Depending on the dose and exposure period, these toxins can cause severe health detriments in humans and animals. Farmers producing contaminated crops cannot sell to premium markets, including export markets.
Rural institutions and producer organizations in imperfect markets
Shiferaw, Bekele; Obare, G. A.; Muricho, Geoffrey. Washington, D.C. 2006
Shiferaw, Bekele; Obare, G. A.; Muricho, Geoffrey. Washington, D.C. 2006
Abstract | PDF
"Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have liberalized markets to improve efficiency and enhance market linkages for smallholder farmers. The expected positive response by the private sector in areas with limited market infrastructure has however been disappointing. The functioning of markets is constrained by high transaction costs and coordination problems along the production-to-consumption value chain. New kinds of institutional arrangements are needed to reduce these costs and fill the vacuum left when governments withdrew from markets in the era of structural adjustments. One of these institutional innovations has been the strengthening of producer organizations and formation of collective marketing groups as instruments to remedy pervasive market failures in rural economies. The analysis presented here with a case study from eastern Kenya has shown that while collective action – embodied in Producer Marketing Groups (PMGs) – is feasible and useful, external shocks and structural constraints that limit the volume of trade and access to capital and information require investments in complementary institutions and coordination mechanisms to exploit scale economies. The effectiveness of PMGs was determined by the level of collective action in the form of increased participatory decision making, member contributions and initial start-up capital. Failure to pay on delivery, resulting from lack of capital credit, is a major constraint that stifles PMG competitiveness relative to other buyers. These findings call for interventions that improve governance and participation; mechanisms for improving access to operating capital; and effective strategies for risk management and enhancing the business skills of the PMGs." -- Author's Abstract
Supermarket contracts and smallholder farmers: Implications for income and multidimensional poverty
Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2020
Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Food systems in developing countries are changing rapidly with a growing role of modern supermarkets. Supermarkets influence supply chains and the way agricultural products are sourced from farmers. Especially for the procurement of fresh fruits and vegetables, supermarkets often contract farmers directly to ensure consistent and high-quality supply. One important question, which is addressed here, is whether smallholder farmers benefit from supermarket contracts. Previous studies address this question, but mostly focus on income effects without exploring implications for other dimensions of household welfare, such as nutrition, health, or housing conditions. Moreover, most existing studies rely on cross-section data. We add to the literature by analyzing effects of supermarket contracts on income and multidimensional poverty using three rounds of panel data collected from smallholder vegetable farmers in Kenya and econometric models with household fixed effects. On average, supermarket contracts increase household income by over 40%. We also find significant reductions in income poverty and multidimensional poverty. Quantile regressions show that farmers in all income groups benefit, but richer households benefit more than poorer ones in absolute terms. However, supermarket contracts cause the strongest reductions in multidimensional deprivations among the poorest households.
Disclosure, reporting and help seeking among child survivors of violence: A cross-country analysis
Pereira, Audrey; Peterman, Amber; Neijhoft, Anastasia Naomi; Buluma, Robert; Daban, Rocio Aznar. 2020
Pereira, Audrey; Peterman, Amber; Neijhoft, Anastasia Naomi; Buluma, Robert; Daban, Rocio Aznar. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Violence against children is a pervasive public health issue, with limited data available across multiple contexts. This study explores the rarely studied prevalence and dynamics around disclosure, reporting and help-seeking behaviours of children who ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence.
Value for money? Vote-buying and politician accountability
Leight, Jessica; Foarta, Dana; Pande, Rohini; Ralston, Laura. 2020
Leight, Jessica; Foarta, Dana; Pande, Rohini; Ralston, Laura. 2020
Policy atlas on food and nutrition security and resilience: Kenya
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa Maty. Washington, DC 2020
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa Maty. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (11.1 MB)
This report is the final outcome of various knowledge products and training material, usually labelled as “printed eAtlas”, which have been developed and shared with Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) under the Voice for Change Partnership (V4CP) programme.
Variation in the factors associated with diet quality of children aged 6 to 23 months in low and high agroecological zones of Rongai subcounty, Kenya
Kemboi, Sharon; Mungiria-Mituki, Dorothy; Ramkat, Rose; Termote, Celine; Covic, Namukolo; Cheserek, Maureen Jepkorir. 2020
Kemboi, Sharon; Mungiria-Mituki, Dorothy; Ramkat, Rose; Termote, Celine; Covic, Namukolo; Cheserek, Maureen Jepkorir. 2020
Within-season producer response to warmer temperatures: Defensive investments by Kenyan farmers
Jagnani, Maulik; Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; You, Liangzhi. 2021
Jagnani, Maulik; Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; You, Liangzhi. 2021
Observability of food safety losses in maize: Evidence from Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Mutiga, Samuel K.; Harvey, Jagger W.; Nelson, Rebecca J.; Milgroom, Michael G.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Mutiga, Samuel K.; Harvey, Jagger W.; Nelson, Rebecca J.; Milgroom, Michael G.. 2021
Demand for aflatoxin‐safe maize in Kenya: Dynamic response to price and advertising
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine; Herrman, Timothy J.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine; Herrman, Timothy J.. 2021
Abstract | Link (37 B)
In countries where regulatory enforcement is weak, voluntary third‐party verification of firms' food safety processes can allow concerned consumers to select safer products. However, due in part to their legal ambiguity, and the potential to attract additional regulatory scrutiny, food safety claims are rarely made by firms. As a result, the impact of such claims on consumer demand is not well understood. We examine how labeling maize as tested for aflatoxin, a carcinogen also associated with stunting in children, affects sales. By randomly varying the timing and intensity of a marketing campaign to promote the first maize flour brand in Kenya labeled as tested for aflatoxin, we characterize dynamic consumer response to information about food safety. We find an immediate response in sales to marketing alone, which disappears as soon as marketing ceases. Sales remain elevated in the weeks after a temporary discount is offered, but this effect also fades over time and is not associated with greater awareness of the firm's food safety claims. These results suggest that it is unrealistic to expect for‐profit firms serving mass markets in low‐ and middle‐income countries to invest heavily in marketing based on food safety claims.
Managing climate risk through crop diversification in rural Kenya
Ochieng, Justus; Kirimi, Lilian; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Njagi, Timothy; Mathenge, Mary; Gitau, Raphael; Ayieko, Miltone. 2020
Ochieng, Justus; Kirimi, Lilian; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Njagi, Timothy; Mathenge, Mary; Gitau, Raphael; Ayieko, Miltone. 2020
Improving data quality for the CAADP biennial review: A partnership initiative piloted in five countries
Benin, Samuel; Karugia, Joseph; Matchaya, Greenwell; Yade, Mbaye. Washington, DC 2020
Benin, Samuel; Karugia, Joseph; Matchaya, Greenwell; Yade, Mbaye. Washington, DC 2020
Abstract | PDF (1.1 MB)
This paper presents results of a data partnership framework for strengthening evidence-based planning and implementation that was initiated in 2019 in five selected African countries (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, and Togo) during the second round of the CAADP biennial review (BR) process. It analyzes the effect of the activities conducted on the data reporting rate and the quality of data reported in the five pilot countries, compared with what was achieved in like-pilot countries. The like-pilot countries are non-pilot countries that have characteristics like the pilot countries at the baseline which affect selection into the pilot or the data reporting and quality outcomes. Different methods (standard deviations, propensity score matching, and two-stage weighted regression) are used to identify the like-pilot countries, and a difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the effect of the pilot activities on the outcomes.
The capacity-strengthening activities focused on working with the country Biennial Review (BR) team to: assess the inaugural or 2018 BR process and identify the data gaps; constitute and train members of data clusters to compile and check the data for the 2020 BR; and then validate and submit the data. The findings show that the activities helped the pilot countries to improve their performance in the data reporting rate and the quality of data reported in the 2020 BR. The largest improvement is observed in Togo and Senegal, followed by Kenya and Malawi, and then Mozambique.
The average increase in the data reporting rate between 2018 and 2020 BRs for the pilot countries is greater than the average progress made in the like-pilot countries by about 6 to 9 % pts. This derives mostly from improvements in the data reporting rate for the indicators under theme 3 on ending hunger. Regarding the quality of data reported (measured as the percent of the data reported that have issues) too, the pilot countries on average performed better than the like-pilot countries, especially with respect to the data reported under themes 2 on investment in agriculture and 3 on ending hunger. But most of the estimated differences have low or no statistical significance. Implications for sustaining the progress made in the pilot countries, as well as for extending the activities to other countries, for the next rounds of the BR are discussed.
The capacity-strengthening activities focused on working with the country Biennial Review (BR) team to: assess the inaugural or 2018 BR process and identify the data gaps; constitute and train members of data clusters to compile and check the data for the 2020 BR; and then validate and submit the data. The findings show that the activities helped the pilot countries to improve their performance in the data reporting rate and the quality of data reported in the 2020 BR. The largest improvement is observed in Togo and Senegal, followed by Kenya and Malawi, and then Mozambique.
The average increase in the data reporting rate between 2018 and 2020 BRs for the pilot countries is greater than the average progress made in the like-pilot countries by about 6 to 9 % pts. This derives mostly from improvements in the data reporting rate for the indicators under theme 3 on ending hunger. Regarding the quality of data reported (measured as the percent of the data reported that have issues) too, the pilot countries on average performed better than the like-pilot countries, especially with respect to the data reported under themes 2 on investment in agriculture and 3 on ending hunger. But most of the estimated differences have low or no statistical significance. Implications for sustaining the progress made in the pilot countries, as well as for extending the activities to other countries, for the next rounds of the BR are discussed.
A respondent-driven method for mapping small agricultural plots using tablets and high resolution imagery
Masuda, Yuta J.; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; Zhang, Wei; Castilla, Carolina; Boucher, Timothy M.; Blundo-Canto, Genowefa. 2020
Masuda, Yuta J.; Fisher, Jonathan R. B.; Zhang, Wei; Castilla, Carolina; Boucher, Timothy M.; Blundo-Canto, Genowefa. 2020
Impact of farmer field schools on agricultural productivity and poverty in East Africa
Davis, Kristin E.; Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew; Odendo, Martins; Miiro, Richard; Nkuba, Jackson. Washington, D.C. 2010
Davis, Kristin E.; Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew; Odendo, Martins; Miiro, Richard; Nkuba, Jackson. Washington, D.C. 2010
Abstract | PDF
Farmer field schools (FFSs) are a popular education and extension approach worldwide. Such schools use experiential learning and a group approach to facilitate farmers in making decisions, solving problems, and learning new techniques. However, there is limited or conflicting evidence as to their effect on productivity and poverty, especially in East Africa. This study is unique in that it uses a longitudinal impact evaluation (difference in difference approach) with quasi-experimental methods (propensity score matching and covariate matching) together with qualitative approaches to provide rigorous evidence to policymakers and other stakeholders on an FFS project in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The study provides evidence on participation in FFSs and on the effects of FFSs on various outcomes.
On-site and off-Site long-term economic impacts of soil fertility management practices
Nkonya, Ephraim; Gicheru, Patrick; Woelcke, Johannes; Okoba, Barrack; Kilambya, Daniel W.; Gachimbi, Louis N.. Washington, D.C. 2008
Nkonya, Ephraim; Gicheru, Patrick; Woelcke, Johannes; Okoba, Barrack; Kilambya, Daniel W.; Gachimbi, Louis N.. Washington, D.C. 2008
Abstract | PDF
"This article analyzes the on-site and off-site economic impacts of various sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Kenya. Long-term trial data are used to establish the relationship between SLM practices and maize yield. The analysis of on-site effects focuses on the profitability of maize production at the farm level, while the examined off-site effects include carbon sequestration and siltation from maize farms, which increase the cost of potable water production. The major contribution of this study is the use of long-term experimental data to estimate the impacts of land management practices on crop yield and consider their off-site benefits and costs. The results of this study show that soil and water conservation (SWC) structures reinforced with leguminous plants are more profitable when the plants are used as fodder, as opposed to situations in which only SWC structures are used. SWC structures reinforced with vegetation had lower maintenance costs, whereas those that were not reinforced with leguminous trees were not profitable over the long-term period. These results suggest that complementary and multipurpose SWC practices are more likely to be adopted compared to non-complementary and/or single-purpose practices. Thus, SWC practices should be promoted as a package of complementary technologies. If it is not feasible to promote a mix of complementary enterprises, high value crops are likely to make SLM practices more profitable. In areas where SLM practices are not profitable, promotion of alternative livelihoods is necessary. Adoption of SLM also provides global environmental services worth 10% of the net present value of the SLM practices over the 50-year period addressed in the present study Finally, the results of this analysis suggest that farmers who offer significant environmental services should be compensated for their efforts." -- from Author's Abstract
Sustainable land management
Pender, John L.; Place, Frank M.; Ehui, Simeon. Washington, D.C. 2006
Pender, John L.; Place, Frank M.; Ehui, Simeon. Washington, D.C. 2006
Abstract | PDF
As population density increases and agriculture intensifies in Africa in the future, policymakers, development practitioners, and farmers may
find useful lessons in the experiences of the East African high-lands. The highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda face complex problems of severe poverty, low productivity, and poor natural resource management. These highlands contain some of the most densely populated areas in all of Africa.
find useful lessons in the experiences of the East African high-lands. The highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda face complex problems of severe poverty, low productivity, and poor natural resource management. These highlands contain some of the most densely populated areas in all of Africa.
Training and low-cost tech cut aflatoxin by 53 per cent
Hoffmann, Vivian. 2020
Hoffmann, Vivian. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Aflatoxin is a common fungal toxin that poses a significant threat to health and economic growth in many developing countries. It is a challenge in Africa, especially in maize and groundnut, which are grown for sale and home consumption by millions of farmers.
Avocados in Kenya: What’s holding back smallholder farmers
Amare, Mulubrhan. 2020
Amare, Mulubrhan. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Kenya is the world’s third largest producer of avocados. It’s also Kenya’s leading fruit export, accounting for nearly one-fifth of its total horticultural exports. But Kenya only exports 10% of its total avocado production. By comparison, Chile exports 55% and South Africa exports 60%. Avocado is grown in several parts of Kenya and about 70% of avocado production is by small-scale growers. They grow it for subsistence, local markets, and export purposes. The avocado export market in Kenya is dominated by five major exporters: Kakuzi, Vegpro, Sunripe, Kenya Horticultural Exporters, and East African Growers. These companies source their avocados primarily from smallholder farmers, although some firms also source from larger growers or own plantations. In a new study we surveyed 790 avocado-farming households in Kenya and analysed what factors get in the way of smallholder farmers participating in export markets. We then looked at the implications this has on their farming businesses. This included labour inputs – such as hired and family labour – farm yields, sales prices, and finally, incomes.
Technologies and strategies for aflatoxin control in Kenya: A synthesis of emerging evidence
Hoffmann, Vivian; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna; Mutua, Florence; Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Mutegi, Charity; Herrman, Tim. Washington, DC 2019
Hoffmann, Vivian; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna; Mutua, Florence; Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Mutegi, Charity; Herrman, Tim. Washington, DC 2019
Abstract | PDF (225.9 KB)
Aflatoxin is a poisonous substance produced by a fungus, Aspergillus flavus, that occurs naturally in soils of cultivated and non-cultivated areas. The fungus commonly produces the toxin in maize, groundnut, and other staple grains and vegetables, and is especially prevalent in Africa. When animals consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin, milk and (at very low levels) meat, fish and eggs, can also be contam-inated. This note brings together recent research from the CGIAR and others on technologies for aflatoxin control in Africa and provides recommendations for catalyzing their adoption.
Aflatoxin proficiency testing and control in Kenya
Herrman, Timothy J.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Muiruri, Anne; McCormick, Cindy. 2020
Herrman, Timothy J.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Muiruri, Anne; McCormick, Cindy. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Texas A&M AgriLife Research (hereafter AgriLife) introduced a quality systems approach to accurately measure and manage aflatoxin that resulted in improved food safety for approximately 10 million Kenyans. A quality systems approach contains elements that ensure laboratory testing competence. In this study, quality system elements included analyst training and qualification, proficiency testing, use of reference material to support analytical traceability and define analytical uncertainty, development and implementation of a food safety plan by commercial maize (Zea mays) millers, and verification of testing accuracy at the AgriLife laboratory accredited by the Kenya Accreditation Service under the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission 17025:2005 standard. In 2014 and 2015, five proficiency rounds were performed, ranging in aflatoxin concentrations of 5 to 40 μg/kg. Five laboratories had a z-score of >3, and all of these were for the fifth proficiency round with an aflatoxin content of 5 μg/kg. In 2015, 31 analysts qualified to participate in the program at 15 maize mills. The analysts' qualification for seven test samples, which ranged from 3.1 to 28 μg/kg total aflatoxin, resulted in an average relative standard deviation of 19.2% across all participants and test methods. Independent testing of participating mill verification results before and after analyst implementation of the quality systems approach revealed an improvement in measure accuracy.
What must be done to get toxin out of Kenya’s food supply
Hoffmann, Vivian. 2019
Hoffmann, Vivian. 2019
Abstract | Link (37 B)
An exposé in Kenya has revealed that there are high amounts of a poisonous substance, known as aflatoxin, in many of Kenya’s popular maize flour brands. This is particularly worrying as maize flour is a staple food for most Kenyans. Part of the problem is in how maize is processed and distributed in the country. Vivian Hoffmann shares her insights on this and what must be done to prevent it.
Supermarket contracts and smallholder farmers: Implications for income and multidimensional poverty
Ogutu, Sylvester O.; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2019
Ogutu, Sylvester O.; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2019
Abstract | Link (37 B)
The food retail sector in many developing countries is transforming with a rapid growth of modern supermarkets. Supermarkets are not only influencing how food is sold to consumers, but also how agricultural products are sourced from farmers. Especially for the procurement of fresh fruits and vegetables, supermarkets often contract farmers directly to ensure consistent, high-quality supply. Previous studies analyzed the effects of supermarket contracts on smallholder farmers’ income. However, most existing studies relied on cross-section data and focused on the estimation of average income effects. Possible implications for other dimensions of household welfare were hardly examined. We add to this literature by using panel data from smallholder vegetable farmers in Kenya and econometric models with household fixed effects to estimate average and heterogeneous treatment effects of supermarket contracts on income and multidimensional poverty. On average, supermarket contracts increase per capita income in smallholder farm households by 60\%. We also find significant reductions in income poverty and multidimensional poverty. Quantile regressions show that farmers in all income groups benefit, but richer households benefit more than poorer ones in absolute terms. On the other hand, supermarket contracts cause the strongest reductions in multidimensional deprivations among the poorest households.
Post-harvest practices for aflatoxin control: Evidence from Kenya
Pretari, Alexia; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tian, Lulu. 2019
Pretari, Alexia; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tian, Lulu. 2019
Abstract | Link
We assess the impact of a package of post-harvest technologies on aflatoxin contamination of maize through a randomized trial in rural Kenya. Some elements of this package (training and provision of plastic sheets for sun-drying) were provided free of charge to all participants in treatment villages and were widely adopted. Others (a mobile drying service and hermetic storage bags) were provided free to a subset of randomly selected farmers in treatment villages while others had to pay. Overall, the intervention reduced aflatoxin contamination by over 50%. Most of this reduction appears to be due training and the use of drying sheets, the lowest-cost of all the technologies offered.
Variance structure of aflatoxin contaminated maize in incoming trucks at commercial mills in Kenya
Fisher, Karen; Herrman, Timothy J. ; Hoffmann, Vivian; Lee, Kyung-Min . College Station, Texas 2019
Fisher, Karen; Herrman, Timothy J. ; Hoffmann, Vivian; Lee, Kyung-Min . College Station, Texas 2019
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Aflatoxin contamination in maize represents a significant food safety hazard in Kenya. To manage this risk, millers need to properly sample incoming bags of maize. In this study, three firms allowed researchers access to sample three incoming trucks each to quantify sources of variability using a hierarchical sampling design. A total of 180 samples consisting of two samples per bag, ten bags per truck, three trucks per mill, and three mills were sampled in April of 2014 and analyzed for aflatoxins using the Romer-FluorQuant test method. Samples from three trucks were analyzed twice for aflatoxin to define intra-bag variability, and extracts were analyzed in duplicate to quantify analytical variability. The variance was partitioned as follows: mill (1.9%), truck (4.1%), bag (60.8%), in-bag (26.6%), analytical error (6.3%) and residual error (0.3%). Using these data, a power study was conducted to optimize the number of bags per truck that should be sampled. The power test, depicted using a power curve, indicated that 20 bags provided a statistical probability of 0.83. This study characterizes the sources of variability in sampling, and the inclusion of a power study highlights the tradeoffs in the number of bags sampled and the ability to detect small effects in estimating the level of aflatoxin contamination in maize.
Intertemporal choice and income regularity: Non-fungibility in the timing of income among Kenyan farmers
Kramer, Berber; Kunst, David. 2020
Kramer, Berber; Kunst, David. 2020
Abstract | Link (37 B)
The optimal design of informal contracts in agricultural value chains depends on when farmers prefer to be paid for their output. While the evidence from time preference experiments suggests a preference for early payments, field studies often indicate that farmers will defer regular payments if given the opportunity. In this study, we explicitly test whether farmers are more patient regarding regular, earned income than regarding experimental windfall payments. We asked farmers in a dairy cooperative in Kenya to allocate both their milk income and a one-time gift between an early and a deferred payment date. We find that a large majority of participants deferred their milk payments, while rarely choosing to defer the gift. Participants’ survey responses suggest that we observe this difference because of mental accounting: participants earmarked their regular milk payments, but not the gift, to save for bulky expenditures. We conclude that deferred payments can provide value to producers by functioning as a savings device, even when decisions over windfall income suggest a preference for early payments.
Determinants of actual and potential adoption of improved indigenous chicken under asymmetrical exposure conditions in rural Kenya
Mwololo, Henry Muli; Nzuma, Jonathan Makau; Ritho, Cecilia Nyawira; Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Kabunga, Nassul Ssentamu. 2020
Mwololo, Henry Muli; Nzuma, Jonathan Makau; Ritho, Cecilia Nyawira; Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Kabunga, Nassul Ssentamu. 2020
The impact of smallholder farmers’ participation in avocado export markets on the labor market, farm yields, sales prices, and incomes in Kenya
Amare, Mulubrhan; Mariara, Jane; Oostendorp, Remco; Pradhan, Menno. 2019
Amare, Mulubrhan; Mariara, Jane; Oostendorp, Remco; Pradhan, Menno. 2019
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Smallholder producers in sub-Saharan Africa are often unable integrate into markets and access high-value opportunities by effectively participating in global chains for high-value fresh produce. Using data from a survey of large avocado farmers in Kenya, this study examines the determinants and impacts of smallholder-producer participation in avocado export markets on labor inputs, farm yields, sales prices, and incomes, using a switching regression framework to control for selection effects. We found that farmers who participate in export markets differ significantly from nonparticipating farmers: They are older, have somewhat larger farms, have received more training, and own more avocado trees of the Hass variety, the type favored in export markets. Living near a well-functioning avocado farmers’ group is also positively associated with participation in export markets. Participation in avocado export markets will have positive impacts on incomes, revenues, prices, and labor inputs. However, there is an offsetting effect in terms of higher prices and lower volumes, reflecting the stricter quality requirements of export markets. Applying a decomposition analysis, we found that not only differences in endowment sizes, but also differences in returns from endowments in export versus domestic markets, are key to understanding differences in yields, revenues, sales prices, and labor inputs. This suggests that policymakers should not only focus on resource accumulation for farmers, but also pay attention to the inclusiveness of export market participation for smallholder farmers.
Design and rating of risk-contingent credit for balancing business and financial risks for Kenyan farmers
Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. 2019
Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. 2019
Determinants of dietary diversity among women of reproductive age in two different agro-ecological zones of Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru, Kenya
Gitagia, Maureen Wanjiru; Ramkat, Rose Chepchirchir; Mituki, Dorothy M.; Termote, Celine; Covic, Namukolo; Cheserek, Maureen Jepkorir. 2019
Gitagia, Maureen Wanjiru; Ramkat, Rose Chepchirchir; Mituki, Dorothy M.; Termote, Celine; Covic, Namukolo; Cheserek, Maureen Jepkorir. 2019
Abstract | Link (37 B)
Empirical evidence on the link between agrobiodiversity and dietary diversity appears to be inconclusive. Thus, there arises a need to determine other factors that could significantly influence dietary diversity in different agro-ecological zones, as factors may vary from region to region. The objective of this study was to document the status of agrobiodiversity and dietary diversity and to assess the determinants of dietary diversity among women of reproductive age in two different agro- ecological zones of Rongai Sub-County in Kenya. A cross-sectional study of 384 women aged 18–49 years was conducted. Agrobiodiversity was measured using the Shannon-Wiener index, species richness (count) and production diversity score. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to determine minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) of reproductive age.
Risk factors for childhood violence and polyvictimization: A cross-country analysis from three regions
Palermo, Tia; Pereira, Audrey; Neijhoft, Naomi; Bello, Ghaji; Buluma, Robert; Diem, Pierre; Aznar Daban, Rocio; Fatoumata Kaloga, Inah; Islam, Aminul; Kheam, They; Lund-Henriksen, Birgithe; Maksud, Nankali; Maternowska, M. Catherine; Potts, Alina; Rottanak, Chivith; Samnang, Chea; Shawa, Mary; Yoshikawa, Miho; Peterman, Amber. 2019
Palermo, Tia; Pereira, Audrey; Neijhoft, Naomi; Bello, Ghaji; Buluma, Robert; Diem, Pierre; Aznar Daban, Rocio; Fatoumata Kaloga, Inah; Islam, Aminul; Kheam, They; Lund-Henriksen, Birgithe; Maksud, Nankali; Maternowska, M. Catherine; Potts, Alina; Rottanak, Chivith; Samnang, Chea; Shawa, Mary; Yoshikawa, Miho; Peterman, Amber. 2019
The impact of reducing dietary aflatoxin exposure on child linear growth: A cluster randomised controlled trial in Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.; Leroy, Jef L.. 2018
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.; Leroy, Jef L.. 2018
Abstract | Link
Observational studies have documented an association between aflatoxin (AF) exposure and reduced linear growth in infants and young children. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of reducing AF exposure on child linear growth and serum AF levels in rural areas in Eastern Kenya. Methods: A cluster randomised controlled design was used (28 intervention and 28 control clusters). The intervention arm received a swapping (contaminated maize was replaced with safe maize) and a stockist intervention (households were encouraged to purchase from a stockist supplied with clean maize). Women in the fifth to final month of pregnancy were invited to enrol in the study. Outcomes were child length-for-age Z-score (LAZ), the prevalence of stunting and child serum AFB1-lysine adduct level 24 (endline, primary outcomes) and 11 to 19 months (midline, secondary outcomes) after trial commencement, respectively. The trial was registered with socialscienceregistry.org. Results Of the 1230 unborn children enrolled in the study, 881 (72%) were included in the LAZ and 798 (65%) in the serum AFB1 analysis. The intervention significantly reduced endline ln serum AFB1-lysine adduct levels (intervention effect—0.273, 95% CI −0.547 to 0.001; one-sided p=0.025), but had no effect on endline LAZ or stunting (mean LAZ at endline was −1.64). At midline, the intervention increased LAZ by 0.16 (95% CI −0.009 to 0.33; one-sided p=0.032) and reduced stunting by seven percentage points (95% CI −0.125 to −0.007; one-sided p=0.015), but had no impact on serum AFB1 levels. Conclusion Improving access to AF-free maize substantially reduced endline serum AF, but had no effect on child linear growth. The midline analysis suggests that AF may affect linear growth at younger ages.
What rainfall does not tell us—Enhancing financial instruments with satellite-derived soil moisture and evaporative stress
Enenkel, Markus; Farah, Carlos; Hain, Christopher; White, Andrew; Anderson, Martha; You, Liangzhi; Wagner, Wolfgang; Osgood, Daniel. 2018
Enenkel, Markus; Farah, Carlos; Hain, Christopher; White, Andrew; Anderson, Martha; You, Liangzhi; Wagner, Wolfgang; Osgood, Daniel. 2018
Abstract | Link
Advanced parametric financial instruments, like weather index insurance (WII) and risk contingency credit (RCC), support disaster-risk management and reduction in the world’s most disaster-prone regions. Simultaneously, satellite data that are capable of cross-checking rainfall estimates, the “standard dataset” to develop such financial safety nets, are gaining importance as complementary sources of information. This study concentrates on the analysis of satellite-derived multi-sensor soil moisture (ESA CCI, Version v04.2), the evapotranspiration-based Evaporative Stress Index (ESI), and CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data) rainfall estimates in nine East African countries. Based on spatial correlation analysis, we found matching spatial/temporal patterns between all three datasets, with the highest correlation coefficient occurring between October and March. In large parts of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia, we observed a lower (partly negative) correlation coefficient between June and August, which was likely caused by issues related to cloud cover and the volume scattering of microwaves in sandy, hot soils. Based on simple linear and logit regression analysis with annual, national maize yield estimates as the dependent variable, we found that, depending on the chosen period (averages per year, growing or harvesting months), there was added value (higher R-squared) if two or all three variables were combined. The ESI and soil moisture have the potential to close sensitive knowledge gaps between atmospheric moisture supply and the response of the land surface in operational parametric insurance projects. For the development and calibration of WII and RCC, this means that better proxies for historical and potential future drought impact can strengthen “drought narratives”, resulting in a better match between calculated payouts/credit repayment levels and the actual needs of smallholder farmers.
Myth-busting? Confronting six common perceptions about unconditional cash transfers as a poverty reduction strategy in Africa
Handa, Sudhanshu; Daidone, Silvio; Peterman, Amber; Davis, Benjamin; Pereira, Audrey; Palermo, Tia; Yablonski, Jennifer. 2018
Handa, Sudhanshu; Daidone, Silvio; Peterman, Amber; Davis, Benjamin; Pereira, Audrey; Palermo, Tia; Yablonski, Jennifer. 2018
Abstract | Link
This paper summarizes evidence on six perceptions associated with cash transfer programming, using eight rigorous evaluations conducted on large-scale government unconditional cash transfers in sub-Saharan Africa under the Transfer Project. Specifically, it investigates if transfers: 1) induce higher spending on alcohol or tobacco; 2) are fully consumed (rather than invested); 3) create dependency (reduce participation in productive activities); 4) increase fertility; 5) lead to negative community-level economic impacts (including price distortion and inflation); and 6) are fiscally unsustainable. The paper presents evidence refuting each claim, leading to the conclusion that these perceptions—insofar as they are utilized in policy debates—undercut potential improvements in well-being and livelihood strengthening among the poor, which these programs can bring about in sub-Saharan Africa, and globally. It concludes by underscoring outstanding research gaps and policy implications for the continued expansion of unconditional cash transfers in the region and beyond.
Do vaccination interventions have effects? A study on how poultry vaccination interventions change smallholder farmer knowledge, attitudes, and practice in villages in Kenya and Tanzania
Lindahl, Johanna F.; Young, Jarrah; Wyatt, Amanda; Young, Mary; Alders, Robyn; Bagnol, Brigitte; Kibaya, Augustino; Grace, Delia . 2019
Lindahl, Johanna F.; Young, Jarrah; Wyatt, Amanda; Young, Mary; Alders, Robyn; Bagnol, Brigitte; Kibaya, Augustino; Grace, Delia . 2019
Abstract | Link
Poultry are important for many poor households in developing countries, but there are many constraints to poultry production, including disease. One of the most important diseases of chickens is Newcastle disease (ND). Even though there are effective vaccines against this disease available in most countries, uptake by small-scale poultry keepers is often low. In this study, two areas in Kenya and Tanzania were studied, where some villages had received additional support to get vaccination and other villages had not. In Kenya, 320 households from 10 villages were interviewed, of which half of the villages had active promotion of vaccination through village-based advisors. In Tanzania, 457 households were interviewed, of which 241 came from villages that have had active support through either a project or government extension services. Knowledge about vaccines and the attitudes towards vaccinating against ND was evaluated using mixed multivariable logistic models. Results indicate that in Kenya, the most important determinants for understanding the function of a vaccine were having had support in the village and to have knowledge about ND signs, while in Tanzania gender and previous vaccine use were important in addition to having had support. Attitudes towards vaccination were mainly determined by knowledge, where more knowledge about how vaccines work in general or about ND contributed to more positive attitudes. Among Kenyan farmers that had never used the vaccine before, the amount of birds they lost to disease and predators also influenced attitudes. In conclusion, this study supports the notion that knowledge is a very important component of extension support and that simply making vaccines available may not be sufficient for high levels of uptake.
Allocation and valuation of smallholder maize residues in Western Kenya
Beraznevaa, Julia; Lee, David R.; Place, Frank; Jakubsond, George. 2018
Beraznevaa, Julia; Lee, David R.; Place, Frank; Jakubsond, George. 2018
Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya
Dirro, Gracious M.; Seymour, Greg; Kassie, Menale; Muricho, Geoffrey; Muriithi, Beatrice Wambui . 2018
Dirro, Gracious M.; Seymour, Greg; Kassie, Menale; Muricho, Geoffrey; Muriithi, Beatrice Wambui . 2018
Abstract | Link
This paper documents a positive relationship between maize productivity in western Kenya and women’s empowerment in agriculture, measured using indicators derived from the abbreviated version of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Applying a cross-sectional instrumental-variable regression method to a data set of 707 maize farm households from western Kenya, we find that women’s empowerment in agriculture significantly increases maize productivity. Although all indicators of women’s empowerment significantly increase productivity, there is no significant association between the women’s workload (amount of time spent working) and maize productivity. Furthermore, the results show heterogenous effects with respect to women’s empowerment on maize productivity for farm plots managed jointly by a male and female and plots managed individually by only a male or female. More specifically, the results suggest that female- and male-managed plots experience significant improvements in productivity when the women who tend them are empowered. These findings provide evidence that women’s empowerment contributes not only to reducing the gender gap in agricultural productivity, but also to improving, specifically, productivity from farms managed by women. Thus, rural development interventions in Kenya that aim to increase agricultural productivity—and, by extension, improve food security and reduce poverty—could achieve greater impact by integrating women’s empowerment into existing and future projects.
You get what you pay for: the link between price and food safety in Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine. 2017
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine. 2017
Women's participation in high value agricultural commodity chains in Kenya: Strategies for closing the gender gap
Oduol, Judith; Mithöfer, Dagmar; Place, Frank M.; Nang'ole, Eddah; Olwande, John; Kirimi, Lilian; Mathenge, Mary. 2017
Oduol, Judith; Mithöfer, Dagmar; Place, Frank M.; Nang'ole, Eddah; Olwande, John; Kirimi, Lilian; Mathenge, Mary. 2017
Supermarket shopping and nutritional outcomes: A panel data analysis for urban Kenya
Demmler, Kathrin; Ecker, Olivier; Qaim, Matin. 2018
Demmler, Kathrin; Ecker, Olivier; Qaim, Matin. 2018
Liquid milk: Cash constraints and day-to-day intertemporal choice in financial diaries
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2017
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2017
Supermarket shopping and nutritional outcomes: A panel data analysis for urban Kenya
Demmler, Kathrin M.; Ecker, Olivier; Qaim, Matin. Göttingen, Germany 2017
Demmler, Kathrin M.; Ecker, Olivier; Qaim, Matin. Göttingen, Germany 2017
The impact of urban growth on agricultural and rural non-farm growth in Kenya
Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P.; Johnson, Timothy; Samboko, Paul Chimuka; You, Liangzhi. 2016
Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P.; Johnson, Timothy; Samboko, Paul Chimuka; You, Liangzhi. 2016
Abstract | PDF (1 MB)
To estimate the impact of urban growth on agricultural and rural nonfarm income growth we develop an urban gravity variable that reflects the economic activity of a city– total nighttime light emitted – which is a proxy income of each city. The light intensities were transformed into urban gravity variables depending on the distance of sample villages from the city, and their growth rates used for the analysis in regression equations. The key findings are as follows: Equal urban growth in all locations has an elasticity of 0.50 on agricultural income growth, and of 0.19 on rural non-farm income growth. Urban growth also has a large effect on education, followed by commercialization and then on the use of modern varieties. These in turn have a strong impact on agricultural and rural non-farm income. National urban growth has a larger impact on agricultural and rural non-farm growth than local urban growth. Once we account for the other control variables (roads, education, commercialization, modern varieties), the urban growth impact on agricultural growth is cut in half and for rural non-farm growth the urban growth impact disappears. For non-farm income almost the full impact of urban growth can be explained by its impacts on education. The elasticities of urban growth with respect to agricultural incomes via education, commercialization and HYV are 0.12, 0.10 and 0.05 respectively. Curiously, we cannot show an impact of agricultural growth on rural non-farm income growth.
Evaluating options: Assessing the relative merits of resilience interventions
Cervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael; Carfagna, Federica; Koo, Jawoo; Syroko, Joanna; Guo, Zhe; Xie, Hua; de Brouwer, Balthazaar; Verbeeten, Elke. Washington, D.C. 2016
Cervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael; Carfagna, Federica; Koo, Jawoo; Syroko, Joanna; Guo, Zhe; Xie, Hua; de Brouwer, Balthazaar; Verbeeten, Elke. Washington, D.C. 2016
Improved agricultural water management for Africa’s drylands
Ward, Christopher; Torquebiau, Raphael; Xie, Hua. Washington, D.C. 2016
Ward, Christopher; Torquebiau, Raphael; Xie, Hua. Washington, D.C. 2016
Targeting health subsidies through a nonprice mechanism
Dupas, Pascaline; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kremer, Michael; Zwane, Alix P.. 2016
Dupas, Pascaline; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kremer, Michael; Zwane, Alix P.. 2016
Women’s empowerment and the adoption of improved maize varieties: Evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania
Seymour, Gregory; Doss, Cheryl; Marenya, Paswel; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Passarelli, Simone. 2016
Seymour, Gregory; Doss, Cheryl; Marenya, Paswel; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Passarelli, Simone. 2016
Abstract | PDF (404.9 KB)
Despite recent evidence that decisions about technology adoption often involve input from both men and women, the literature on technology adoption rarely considers gender and intrahousehold issues. In this paper, we use survey data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania to investigate the influence of women’s empowerment on the adoption of improved maize varieties (IMVs). While our results are mixed as to whether or not women’s empowerment is positively correlated with higher rates of adoption, we find overwhelmingly that women’s empowerment is positively correlated with greater participation by women in decisions about the adoption of IMVs, the acquisition of credit for the purchase of IMVs, and the acquisition of extension services related to IMVs.
Reply to SA Tanumihardjo et al.
Talsma, Elise Francina; Brouwer, Inge D; Verhoef, Hans; Mbera, Gloria NK; Demir, Ayşe Y; Boy, Erick; Zimmermann, Michael B; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2016
Talsma, Elise Francina; Brouwer, Inge D; Verhoef, Hans; Mbera, Gloria NK; Demir, Ayşe Y; Boy, Erick; Zimmermann, Michael B; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2016
Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children
Talsma, Elise F; Brouwer, Inge D.; Verhoef, Hans; Mbera, Gloria NK; Mwangi, Alice M.; Demir, Ayşe Y; Maziya-Dixon, Busie; Boy, Erick; Zimmermann, Michael B; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2016
Talsma, Elise F; Brouwer, Inge D.; Verhoef, Hans; Mbera, Gloria NK; Mwangi, Alice M.; Demir, Ayşe Y; Maziya-Dixon, Busie; Boy, Erick; Zimmermann, Michael B; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2016
Assessment of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize in western Kenya
Mutiga, S. K.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Harvey, J. W.; Milgroom, M. G.; Nelson, R. J.. 2015
Mutiga, S. K.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Harvey, J. W.; Milgroom, M. G.; Nelson, R. J.. 2015
Mitigating aflatoxin exposure to improve child growth in Eastern Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.; Leroy, Jef L.. 2015
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.; Leroy, Jef L.. 2015
Serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct level in adult women from Eastern Province in Kenya depends on household socio-economic status
Leroy, Jef L.; Wang, Jia-Sheng; Jones, Kelly M.. 2015
Leroy, Jef L.; Wang, Jia-Sheng; Jones, Kelly M.. 2015
Agricultural marketing by smallholders in Kenya
Olwande, John; Smale, Melinda; Mathenge, Mary K.; Place, Frank; Mithöfere, Dagmar. 2015
Olwande, John; Smale, Melinda; Mathenge, Mary K.; Place, Frank; Mithöfere, Dagmar. 2015
Is there an enabling environment for nutrition-sensitive agriculture in East Africa?
Hodge, Judith; Herforth, Anna; Gillespie, Stuart; Beyero, Mesfin; Wagah, Margaret; Semakula, Richard. 2015
Hodge, Judith; Herforth, Anna; Gillespie, Stuart; Beyero, Mesfin; Wagah, Margaret; Semakula, Richard. 2015
An exploratory study of dairying intensification, women’s decision making, and time use and implications for child nutrition in Kenya
Njuki, Jemimah; Wyatt, Amanda J.; Baltenweck, Isabelle; Yount, Kathryn; Null, Clair; Ramakrishnan, Usha; Girard, Aimee Webb; Sreenath, Shreyas. 2016
Njuki, Jemimah; Wyatt, Amanda J.; Baltenweck, Isabelle; Yount, Kathryn; Null, Clair; Ramakrishnan, Usha; Girard, Aimee Webb; Sreenath, Shreyas. 2016
A field study for assessing risk-contingent credit for Kenyan pastoralists and dairy farmers
Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; Woodard, Joshua. 2015
Shee, Apurba; Turvey, Calum G.; Woodard, Joshua. 2015
Leveraging agriculture for nutrition in South Asia and East Africa
Gillespie, Stuart; van den Bold, Mara; Hodge, Judith; Herforth, Anna. 2015
Gillespie, Stuart; van den Bold, Mara; Hodge, Judith; Herforth, Anna. 2015
Gender and institutional aspects of climate-smart agricultural practices
Bernier, Quinn; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Kristjanson, Patti; Haglund, Eric; Kovarik, Chiara; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Silvestri, Silvia. Copenhagen, Denmark 2015
Bernier, Quinn; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Kristjanson, Patti; Haglund, Eric; Kovarik, Chiara; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Silvestri, Silvia. Copenhagen, Denmark 2015
What drives and constrains effective leadership in tackling child undernutrition?
Nisbett, Nicholas; Wach, Elise; Haddad, Lawrence James; El Arifeen, Shams. 2015
Nisbett, Nicholas; Wach, Elise; Haddad, Lawrence James; El Arifeen, Shams. 2015
Ex ante welfare analysis of technological change
Kostandini, Genti; La Rovere, Roberto; Guo, Zhe. 2016
Kostandini, Genti; La Rovere, Roberto; Guo, Zhe. 2016
Proxy markers of serum retinol concentration, used alone and in combination, to assess population vitamin A status in Kenyan children: a cross-sectional study
Talsma, E.F.; Verhoef, H.; Brouwer, I.D.; Mburu-de Wagt, A.S.; Hulshof, P.J.M.; Melse-Boonstra, A.. 2015
Talsma, E.F.; Verhoef, H.; Brouwer, I.D.; Mburu-de Wagt, A.S.; Hulshof, P.J.M.; Melse-Boonstra, A.. 2015
A rapid initial assessment of the distribution and consumption of iron-folic acid tablets through antenatal care in Kenya
Fiedler, John L.; D'Agostino, Alexis; Sununtnasuk, Celeste. Arlington, VA 2014
Fiedler, John L.; D'Agostino, Alexis; Sununtnasuk, Celeste. Arlington, VA 2014
A quantitative model for understanding and exploring land use decisions by smallholder agrowetland households in rural areas of East Africa
Sakane, Nome; van Wijk, M.T.; Langensiepen, M.; Beckerc, M.. 2014
Sakane, Nome; van Wijk, M.T.; Langensiepen, M.; Beckerc, M.. 2014
Community based participatory monitoring and evaluation
Sangole, Noel; Kaaria, Susan; Njuki, Jemimah; Lewa, Kadewa; Mapila, Mariam A. T. J.. 2014
Sangole, Noel; Kaaria, Susan; Njuki, Jemimah; Lewa, Kadewa; Mapila, Mariam A. T. J.. 2014
Marketing household water treatment
Blum, Annalise G.; Null, Clair; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2014
Blum, Annalise G.; Null, Clair; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2014
Climate adaptation and agriculture
Kissinger, G.; Sova, C.; Allassane, B.; Maïga, I. A.; Benefor, D. T.; Nutsukpo, D. K.; Ky-Zerbo, A. Z.; Roth-Liehoun, C.; King'uyu, S. M.; Orindi, V.; Rojas, E.; Rivera, J. L.; Mishra, J. P.; Singh, R.; Joshi, Pramod Kumar; Kinyangi, J.; Aggarwal, P.; Sebastian, L. S.; Martinez, D.; Neufeldt, H.; Twyman, J.; Bonilla-Findji, O.; Jarvis, A.; Zougmoré, Robert. Copenhagen, Denmark 2014
Kissinger, G.; Sova, C.; Allassane, B.; Maïga, I. A.; Benefor, D. T.; Nutsukpo, D. K.; Ky-Zerbo, A. Z.; Roth-Liehoun, C.; King'uyu, S. M.; Orindi, V.; Rojas, E.; Rivera, J. L.; Mishra, J. P.; Singh, R.; Joshi, Pramod Kumar; Kinyangi, J.; Aggarwal, P.; Sebastian, L. S.; Martinez, D.; Neufeldt, H.; Twyman, J.; Bonilla-Findji, O.; Jarvis, A.; Zougmoré, Robert. Copenhagen, Denmark 2014
Firm heterogeneity in food safety provision
Moser, Christine; Hoffmann, Vivian; Ordonez, Romina. Milwaukee, WI, USA 2014
Moser, Christine; Hoffmann, Vivian; Ordonez, Romina. Milwaukee, WI, USA 2014
Irrigation potential and investment return in Kenya
You, Liangzhi; Xie, Hua; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike; Guo, Zhe; Wang, Lina. 2014
You, Liangzhi; Xie, Hua; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike; Guo, Zhe; Wang, Lina. 2014
Impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in Kenya
Kabunga, Nassul S.; Dubois, Thomas; Qaim, Matin;. 2014
Kabunga, Nassul S.; Dubois, Thomas; Qaim, Matin;. 2014
Biosafety of GM crops in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania
Chambers, Judith A.. Washington, DC 2013
Chambers, Judith A.. Washington, DC 2013
The impact of avian flu on livelihood outcomes in Africa
Birol, Ekin; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensa-Bonsu, Akwasi; Ndirangu, Lydia; Okpukpara, Benjamin; Roy, Devesh; Yakhshilikov, Yorbol. 2013
Birol, Ekin; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensa-Bonsu, Akwasi; Ndirangu, Lydia; Okpukpara, Benjamin; Roy, Devesh; Yakhshilikov, Yorbol. 2013
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